Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs), which are essential fatty acids that humans should obtain from diet, have potential benefits for human health. In addition to altering the structure and function of cell membranes, omega-3 PUFAs (docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA)) exert different effects on intestinal immune tolerance and gut microbiota maintenance. Firstly, we review the effect of omega-3 PUFAs on gut microbiota. And the effects of omega-3 PUFAs on intestinal immunity and inflammation were described. Furthermore, the important roles of omega-3 PUFAs in maintaining the balance between gut immunity and the gut microbiota were discussed. Additional factors, such as obesity and diseases (NAFLD, gastrointestinal malignancies or cancer, bacterial and viral infections), which are associated with variability in omega-3 PUFA metabolism, can influence omega-3 PUFAs–microbiome–immune system interactions in the intestinal tract and also play roles in regulating gut immunity. This review identifies several pathways by which the microbiota modulates the gut immune system through omega-3 PUFAs. Omega-3 supplementation can be targeted to specific pathways to prevent and alleviate intestinal diseases, which may help researchers identify innovative diagnostic methods.

中文翻译：

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膳食 Omega-3 多不饱和脂肪酸、肠道微生物群和肠道免疫之间的关联

Omega-3 多不饱和脂肪酸 (omega-3 PUFA) 是人类应从饮食中获取的必需脂肪酸，对人类健康具有潜在益处。除了改变细胞膜的结构和功能外，omega-3 PUFA（二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）、二十碳五烯酸（EPA）、α-亚麻酸（ALA）和二十二碳五烯酸（DPA））对肠道免疫产生不同的影响耐受性和肠道菌群维持。首先，我们回顾了 omega-3 PUFA 对肠道微生物群的影响。并描述了 omega-3 多不饱和脂肪酸对肠道免疫和炎症的影响。此外，还讨论了 omega-3 多不饱和脂肪酸在维持肠道免疫和肠道微生物群之间平衡的重要作用。其他因素，例如肥胖和疾病（NAFLD、胃肠道恶性肿瘤或癌症、细菌和病毒感染）与 omega-3 多不饱和脂肪酸代谢的变异性相关，可以影响肠道中 omega-3 多不饱和脂肪酸-微生物组-免疫系统的相互作用，并在调节肠道免疫方面发挥作用。本综述确定了微生物群通过 omega-3 多不饱和脂肪酸调节肠道免疫系统的几种途径。Omega-3 补充剂可以针对预防和缓解肠道疾病的特定途径，这可能有助于研究人员确定创新的诊断方法。本综述确定了微生物群通过 omega-3 多不饱和脂肪酸调节肠道免疫系统的几种途径。Omega-3 补充剂可以针对预防和缓解肠道疾病的特定途径，这可能有助于研究人员确定创新的诊断方法。本综述确定了微生物群通过 omega-3 多不饱和脂肪酸调节肠道免疫系统的几种途径。Omega-3 补充剂可以针对预防和缓解肠道疾病的特定途径，这可能有助于研究人员确定创新的诊断方法。