Abstract

Religions promote cooperation, but they can also be divisive. Is religious cooperation intuitively parochial against atheists? Evidence supporting the social heuristics hypothesis (SHH) suggests that cooperation is intuitive, independent of religious group identity. We tested this prediction in a one-shot prisoner’s dilemma game, where 1,280 practising Christian believers were paired with either a coreligionist or an atheist and where time limits were used to increase reliance on either intuitive or deliberated decisions. We explored another dual-process account of cooperation, the self-control account (SCA), which suggests that visceral reactions tend to be selfish and that cooperation requires deliberation. We found evidence for religious parochialism but no support for SHH’s prediction of intuitive cooperation. Consistent with SCA but requiring confirmation in future studies, exploratory analyses showed that religious parochialism involves decision conflict and concern for strong reciprocity and that deliberation promotes cooperation independent of religious group identity.

Protocol registration

The Stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 28 January 2020. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12086781.v1.

中文翻译：

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宗教、狭隘主义和直觉合作

摘要

宗教促进合作，但也可能造成分裂。宗教合作在直觉上是否狭隘地反对无神论者？支持社会启发式假设 (SHH) 的证据表明，合作是直觉的，独立于宗教群体身份。我们在一次性囚徒困境游戏中测试了这一预测，其中 1,280 名虔诚的基督教信徒与共同宗教主义者或无神论者配对，并使用时间限制来增加对直觉或深思熟虑的决定的依赖。我们探索了另一个关于合作的双重过程说明，即自我控制说明（SCA），它表明本能反应往往是自私的，合作需要深思熟虑。我们发现了宗教狭隘主义的证据，但没有支持 SHH 对直觉合作的预测。

协议注册

本注册报告的第一阶段协议于 2020 年 1 月 28 日原则上被接受。该协议被期刊接受，可在 https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12086781.v1 找到。