Abstract

The demonstration that human decision-making can systematically violate the laws of rationality has had a wide impact on behavioural sciences. In this study, we use a pupillary index to adjudicate between two existing hypotheses about how irrational biases emerge: the hypothesis that biases result from fast, effortless processing and the hypothesis that biases result from more extensive integration. While effortless processing is associated with smaller pupillary responses, more extensive integration is associated with larger pupillary responses. Thus, we tested the relationship between pupil response and choice behaviour on six different foundational decision-making tasks that are classically used to demonstrate irrational biases. Participants demonstrated the expected systematic biases and their pupillary measurements satisfied pre-specified quality checks. Planned analyses returned inconclusive results, but exploratory examination of the data revealed an association between high pupillary responses and biased decisions. The findings provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that biases arise from gradual information integration.

Protocol registration

The stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 19 December 2018. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4368452.v1.

中文翻译：

---

瞳孔对决策偏差的敏感性指数

摘要

人类决策可以系统地违反理性法则的证明对行为科学产生了广泛的影响。在这项研究中，我们使用瞳孔指数来判断关于非理性偏见如何出现的两个现有假设：偏见源于快速、轻松的处理的假设和偏见源于更广泛的整合的假设。虽然轻松处理与较小的瞳孔反应相关，但更广泛的整合与较大的瞳孔反应相关。因此，我们在六种不同的基础决策任务中测试了瞳孔反应和选择行为之间的关系，这些任务通常用于证明非理性偏见。参与者展示了预期的系统偏差，并且他们的瞳孔测量满足了预先指定的质量检查。计划的分析返回了不确定的结果，但对数据的探索性检查揭示了高瞳孔反应和有偏见的决定之间的关联。研究结果初步支持了偏差源于信息逐渐整合的假设。

协议注册

该注册报告的第一阶段协议于 2018 年 12 月 19 日原则上被接受。该协议被期刊接受，可在 https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4368452.v1 找到。