When producing connected speech, bilinguals often select a default-language as the primary force driving the utterance. The present study investigated the cognitive mechanisms underlying default language selection. In three experiments, Spanish-English bilinguals named pictures out of context, or read aloud sentences with a single word replaced by a picture with a cognate (e.g., lemon-limón) or noncognate name (e.g., table-mesa). Cognates speeded naming and significantly reduced switching costs. Critically, cognate effects were not modulated by sentence context. However, switch costs were larger in sentence context, which also exhibited significant language dominance effects, asymmetrical switch costs, and asymmetrical cognate facilitation effects, which were absent or symmetrical respectively in bare picture naming. These results suggest that default-language selection is driven primarily by boosting activation of the default language, not by proactive inhibition of the nondefault language. However, relaxation of proactive control in production of connected speech leads to greater reliance on reactive control to produce language switches relative to out-of-context naming, a contextually driven dynamic tradeoff in language control mechanisms.

中文翻译：

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双语句子生成中的默认语言选择揭示了什么同源词

在产生连接语音时，双语者通常选择默认语言作为驱动话语的主要力量。本研究调查了默认语言选择的认知机制。在三个实验中，西班牙语-英语双语者根据上下文命名图片，或者用同源（例如，lemon-limón）或非同源名称（例如，table-mesa）的图片替换单个单词的句子朗读。Cognates 加快了命名速度并显着降低了转换成本。至关重要的是，同源效应不受句子上下文的调节。然而，句子上下文中的转换成本更大，这也表现出显着的语言优势效应、不对称转换成本和不对称同源促进效应，这些效应在裸图命名中分别不存在或对称。这些结果表明，默认语言选择主要是通过促进默认语言的激活来驱动的，而不是通过主动抑制非默认语言来驱动。然而，在连接语音的产生中放松主动控制导致更多地依赖反应控制来产生相对于上下文外命名的语言切换，这是语言控制机制中上下文驱动的动态权衡。