Burnt offering sites reflect the physical and spiritual aspects of human life in the inner Alps during the Bronze and Iron Ages. Burnt offerings were made in ceremonies with various parts including fire rites, from which the carbonised macro-remains testify to a significant use of plants. The individual finds and records provide information about diet, firewood supply, economic and social behaviour, faith, skills, crafts, and trade. In this study, the focus was on plant uses and in rites at 25 Bronze and Iron Age burnt offering sites in the Eastern Alps. Wood was the basis for the burnt offering rite, similar to the cremation rite, which was also beginning in the Bronze Age. The most consistently found fuel remains were charcoal from coniferous wood, especially Picea/Larix-type (most probably Picea, spruce), probably due to its burning qualities and easy availability during this period. Corylus avellana (hazel) was the commonest deciduous wood. All identified wood taxa correspond with the local natural vegetation types of the time. Overall, they suggest low-density woodland stands and more or less sustainable human land use near the burnt offering sites, in the hill and mountain vegetation zone. The wood for the pyre was collected near the offering sites, so there are variations in firewood taxa resulting from the differences in the local natural landscape, (micro)climate, geology and edaphic conditions. The charred wood, crops and wild fruit and nut remains were ritually deposited in pits after the fire rite, which is another link to cremation. Food plant remains were usually present in low quantities due to the nature of burnt offerings, but their consistent records at the burnt offering sites point to a deep spiritual connection to nature and a high appreciation for plants as sources of food, raw materials and energy. They show that essentials were central elements of the burnt offering rite and that everyday matters overlapped with spiritual or religious concerns. Altogether, the finds of 15 different crops and 15 different edible plant taxa demonstrate a fairly high food plant diversity at the sites during the Bronze and Iron Ages. Hordeum vulgare (barley), Triticum dicoccum (emmer), Panicum miliaceum (broomcorn millet) and Vicia faba (broad bean) were the most consistent and important crops. They reflect a common food trend, which most probably resulted from climate extremes and deterioration. Plants naturally growing outside the Eastern Alpine vegetational zones were nearly absent, showing a lack of trade in food at the time, while native fruits and nuts were often used as ritual plants and played an important role as food plants. They are an argument for local agriculture and economy. Of the wild plants, Corylus avellana (hazel) was the most often found by far, followed by Fragaria vesca (strawberry), Rubus idaeus (raspberry), R. fruticosus (blackberry) and Sambucus nigra (elder). Like the wood taxa, the fruits and nuts indicate a human influenced environment and point to woodland edges, margins and clearings. Some of the firewood and food plants may also have been elements of the offering rite due to their medicinal and psychedelic effects, burning characteristics and symbolic background.

焚烧祭坛反映了青铜时代和铁器时代人类生活在阿尔卑斯山内的生理和精神方面。仪式上有品供奉，包括火礼，其中碳化的大块残余物证明了植物的大量使用。个人发现和记录提供有关饮食，薪柴供应，经济和社会行为，信仰，技能，手工艺和贸易的信息。在这项研究中，重点是在东部阿尔卑斯山的25个青铜时代和铁器时代的焚烧祭坛上的植物用途和仪式。木材是the祭仪式的基础，类似于火葬仪式，也是在青铜时代开始的。最一致发现的燃料残留物是针叶木炭，尤其是云杉/落叶松木型（最可能是云杉，云杉），可能是由于其在此期间的燃烧品质和易于获得的缘故。榛子（榛树）是最普通的落叶木材。所有确定的木材分类单元都与当时的当地自然植被类型相对应。总体而言，他们建议在山丘和山地植被区中低密度的林地林分，或在烧焦土地附近或多或少的可持续人类土地利用。用于柴堆的木材是在提供地点附近收集的，因此柴火分类单元的变化是由于当地自然景观，（微）气候，地质和土壤条件的差异而引起的。烧焦后的木炭，农作物以及野果和坚果的残留物在火葬仪式上有规律地沉积在火坑中，这是火化的另一个环节。由于offering品的性质，食用植物残留物通常数量很少，但是他们在焚烧祭坛上一贯的记录表明，它与自然有着深厚的精神联系，并高度重视植物作为食物，原材料和能源的来源。他们表明，必需品是the祭仪式的核心要素，日常事务与精神或宗教问题重叠。在青铜时代和铁器时代，总共发现了15种不同的农作物和15种不同的食用植物类群，这表明这些地区的食用植物多样性很高。大麦（大麦），小麦（Ericstic dicoccum）（emmer），粟米（Panicum miliaceum）（room帚小米）和蚕豆蚕豆（蚕豆）是最一致和最重要的作物。它们反映出一种共同的饮食趋势，这很可能是由于极端气候和气候恶化造成的。几乎没有东部高山植被带以外自然生长的植物，这表明当时缺乏食品贸易，而当地的水果和坚果经常被用作仪式植物，并在食用植物中起着重要作用。他们是当地农业和经济的论点。在野生植物中，淡水榛（Corylus avellana）（淡褐色）是迄今为止最常见的，其次是草莓（Fragaria vesca）（草莓），Rubus idaeus（覆盆子），R。fruticosus（黑莓）和Sambucus nigra（老）。像木材分类单元一样，水果和坚果表明人类受到环境影响，并指向林地边缘，边缘和空地。由于其药用和迷幻效果，燃烧特性和象征性背景，一些柴火和食用植物也可能​​成为礼拜仪式的元素。