Managed honey bees have suffered severe seasonal losses for most of the past 30 years, while at the same time there is a growing need for food crop pollination. Parasitism by Varroa destructor plays a key role in explaining these losses as this parasite directly damages honey bees by feeding on them and by vectoring an array of viruses while doing so. Pyrethroids like tau-fluvalinate and flumethrin are among the few acaricides that may control Varroa mites in honey bee colonies. However, their intensive use has led to the evolution of resistance in many locations. Knockdown resistance (kdr-type) in Varroa destructor is associated with point mutations that change the amino acid at position 925 in the para-type voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) from leucine to valine, methionine or isoleucine. In order to assess the evolution of resistant mutations, we genotyped a region of the VGSC from V. destructor samples collected worldwide. Our phylogenetic analysis supports the hypothesis of independent origin for resistant alleles in Europe and the USA, and a close relation between L925M and L925I alleles. Our data also suggest that uncontrolled trading of parasitised honey bees might be an important route for spreading resistant alleles overseas. The substitution M918L, associated with pyrethroid resistance in other species, is reported here for the first time in V. destructor, in conjunction with L925V in mites from Spain. The implications of these evolutionary and dispersal processes for Varroa mite management are discussed.

在过去的30年中的大多数时间内，受管理的蜜蜂遭受了严重的季节性损失，与此同时，对粮食作物授粉的需求也在增长。Varroa破坏者的寄生虫在解释这些损失方面起着关键作用，因为这种寄生虫通过以蜜蜂为食并在传播病毒的同时进行传播而直接损害了蜜蜂。像拟氟烷磺酸盐和氟虫菊酯这样的拟除虫菊酯是少数可控制蜜蜂群体中瓦氏螨的杀螨剂。但是，它们的大量使用已导致许多地方抵抗运动的发展。击倒抗性（KDR-型）在狄斯瓦已与在在925位置改变氨基酸的点突变相关联的对型亮氨酸至缬氨酸，蛋氨酸或异亮氨酸的电压门控钠通道（VGSC）。为了评估抗性突变的进化，我们对VGSC的一个区域进行了基因分型，该区域来自世界各地收集的V. destructor样本。我们的系统发育分析支持欧洲和美国的抗性等位基因独立起源的假设，以及L925M和L925I等位基因之间的密切关系。我们的数据还表明，寄生性蜜蜂的无节制交易可能是在海外传播抗性等位基因的重要途径。取代M918L，与其他物种拟除虫菊酯的抗性相关，在此报告在第一时间V.析构函数与西班牙的螨虫中的L925V结合使用。讨论了这些进化和扩散过程对螨虫的管理的意义。