Pumpkin seeds are used globally for snacks, bakery, and oil due to their nutritional and medicinal properties. The seeds of pumpkin have 35–45% oil, rich in health-enhancing fatty acids especially linoleic (52.7%), oleic (28.3%), and palmitic (12.7%). However, the presence of thick leathery seed coat (hull) limits the use due to decortication process required for further use. A mutant carrying thin and papery layer overcame the barrier of cost, time, and labor for decortication of pumpkin seed. The recessive gene mutation prevents lignin deposition and leads to collapse of the middle testa layers of the pumpkin seed. Mutation also changed the color of seeds from white to olive-green and produced dark-colored oil. Seed testa remains the same as in wild variety with five distinct testa layers of epidermis (E), hypodermis (H), sclerenchyma (S), parenchyma (P), and innermost chlorenchyma (C) during the initial stages of development. The changes in the seed testa start with the lignification process, which coincides with the reduced polyamine content. Lignin deposition diminution also coincides with reduced expression of the genes or enzyme activities involved in secondary wall formation. This suggests that, the mutation led to a series of changes to bring about a single response, i.e., naked seed or hull-less seed. Thus, this mutation should be studied thoroughly to determine the effects causing reduced lignin deposition and production of hull-less seeds. This review is focused on the changes induced by mutation that causes hull-less seed trait and its implications for commercial use.

中文翻译：

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单基因突变改变了南瓜种子的结构：综述

由于其营养和药用特性，南瓜籽在全球范围内用于零食、面包店和油。南瓜籽含有 35-45% 的油，富含有益健康的脂肪酸，尤其是亚油酸 (52.7%)、油酸 (28.3%) 和棕榈酸 (12.7%)。然而，由于进一步使用所需的去皮过程，厚革质种皮（外壳）的存在限制了使用。携带薄而纸质层的突变体克服了南瓜种子去皮的成本、时间和劳动力障碍。隐性基因突变阻止木质素沉积并导致南瓜种子中种皮层的塌陷。突变还将种子的颜色从白色变为橄榄绿色，并产生深色油。种子种皮与野生品种相同，有五个不同的种皮层，表皮 (E)、皮下组织 (H)、厚壁组织 (S)、在发育的初始阶段，薄壁组织 (P) 和最内层的绿藻 (C)。种皮的变化始于木质化过程，这与多胺含量的降低相吻合。木质素沉积减少也与次生壁形成相关基因或酶活性的表达减少相吻合。这表明，突变导致了一系列变化，带来了单一反应，即裸种子或无壳种子。因此，应该彻底研究这种突变，以确定导致木质素沉积减少和无壳种子生产的影响。本综述的重点是导致无壳种子性状的突变引起的变化及其对商业用途的影响。种皮的变化始于木质化过程，这与多胺含量的降低相吻合。木质素沉积减少也与次生壁形成相关基因或酶活性的表达减少相吻合。这表明，突变导致了一系列变化，带来了单一反应，即裸种子或无壳种子。因此，应该彻底研究这种突变，以确定导致木质素沉积减少和无壳种子生产的影响。本综述的重点是导致无壳种子性状的突变引起的变化及其对商业用途的影响。种皮的变化始于木质化过程，这与多胺含量的降低相吻合。木质素沉积减少也与次生壁形成相关基因或酶活性的表达减少相吻合。这表明，突变导致了一系列变化，带来了单一反应，即裸种子或无壳种子。因此，应该彻底研究这种突变，以确定导致木质素沉积减少和无壳种子生产的影响。本综述的重点是导致无壳种子性状的突变引起的变化及其对商业用途的影响。木质素沉积减少也与次生壁形成相关基因或酶活性的表达减少相吻合。这表明，突变导致了一系列变化，带来了单一反应，即裸种子或无壳种子。因此，应该彻底研究这种突变，以确定导致木质素沉积减少和无壳种子生产的影响。本综述的重点是导致无壳种子性状的突变引起的变化及其对商业用途的影响。木质素沉积减少也与次生壁形成相关基因或酶活性的表达减少相吻合。这表明，突变导致了一系列变化，带来了单一反应，即裸种子或无壳种子。因此，应该彻底研究这种突变，以确定导致木质素沉积减少和无壳种子生产的影响。本综述的重点是由导致无壳种子特性的突变引起的变化及其对商业用途的影响。