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Protecting avocado trees from ambrosia beetles by repellents and mass trapping (push–pull): experiments and simulations
Journal of Pest Science ( IF 4.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-03 , DOI: 10.1007/s10340-020-01310-x
John A. Byers , Yonatan Maoz , Barak Cohen , Maayan Golani , Daniela Fefer , Anat Levi-Zada

The polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB), Euwallacea fornicatus (Eichhoff), is an ambrosia beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) infesting avocado branches Persea americana Mill. in North America, South Africa and Israel. Field experiments were conducted with attractive quercivorol traps and repellents on trees to develop push–pull control methods. PSHBs were collected over the summer from multiple-funnel traps baited with quercivorol in grids of low-, medium- and high-density traps to assess mass trapping interactions and capture trends. Mean catch/trap-week was higher on peripheral outer traps compared to the next inner ring of traps in grids. These ratios and grids were simulated to estimate the circular effective attraction radius (EARc) of multiple-funnel traps and compared to a previous relationship for sticky traps yielding EARc from release rate of quercivorol. The results indicate that multiple-funnel traps have smaller EARc in higher-density grids, likely due to interactions between traps. Tests with verbenone compared to methyl salicylate (MeSA) indicate both are repellents and no evidence for synergism. Dollops of verbenone–MeSA–SPLAT (5% each volatile) were applied monthly at 10- and 40-cm spacings along branched trunks of avocado trees, with release of volatiles declining exponentially over a month. These treatments caused a reduction in both numbers of aggregations/tree and attacks/aggregation to about half that of untreated control trees. Verbenone–MeSA–SPLAT dollops caused localized phytotoxicity on avocado bark, suggesting 8 cm2 plastic bag dispensers containing 0.25 g verbenone are preferred at 40-cm spacing. Push–pull should be done just before flight season to overwhelm natural attraction of single females initiating aggregations.



中文翻译:

通过驱避剂和质量捕集(推挽)保护鳄梨树免受失窃的甲虫:实验和模拟

多食性shot孔虫(PSHB),Euwallacea fornicatus(Eichhoff),是一种鳄梨甲虫(鳄梨科:Curculionidae),出没于鳄梨分支,美洲鲈。磨。在北美,南非和以色列。在树木上使用诱人的邻苯二酚捕集剂和驱虫剂进行了田间试验,以开发推挽控制方法。夏季,从低,中,高密度诱集装置的网格中,用槲皮酚诱集的多个漏斗收集器收集了PSHBs,以评估质量诱捕相互作用和捕获趋势。外围外部陷阱的平均捕获/陷阱周数比网格中下一个陷阱内环要高。模拟这些比率和网格,以估计多漏斗捕集器的圆形有效吸引半径(EARc),并与以前的关系相关,即粘性捕集器由槲皮酚的释放速率产生EARc。结果表明,多通道陷阱在较高密度的网格中的EARc较小,这可能是由于陷阱之间的相互作用所致。用马鞭草酮与水杨酸甲酯(MeSA)进行的测试表明两者都是驱避剂,没有协同作用的证据。沿鳄梨树的分支树干以10和40厘米的间隔每月施用马鞭草酮-MeSA-SPLAT ll(每个挥发物5%),挥发物的释放量在一个月内呈指数下降。这些处理使聚集/树和攻击/聚集的数量都减少到未经处理的对照树的一半。马鞭草酮– MeSA – SPLAT团块对鳄梨树皮造成局部植物毒性,表明8 cm 这些处理使聚集/树和攻击/聚集的数量都减少到未经处理的对照树的一半。马鞭草酮– MeSA – SPLAT团块对鳄梨树皮造成局部植物毒性,表明8 cm 这些处理使聚集/树和攻击/聚集的数量都减少到未经处理的对照树的一半。马鞭草酮– MeSA – SPLAT团块对鳄梨树皮造成局部植物毒性,表明8 cm最好以40厘米的间距安装2个装有0.25 g马鞭酮的塑料袋分配器。推拉应该在飞行季节之前进行,以压倒单身女性发起聚集的自然吸引力。

更新日期:2021-01-03
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