Exposure to fluoride concentrations above a threshold of 1.5 mg/L can cause joint pains, restricted mobility, skeletal and dental fluorosis. This study aims to determine the hydrochemical evolution of the fluoride-rich groundwater and estimate the risk of fluoride exposure to the residents of semi-arid northeastern part of Rajasthan, India. The methodology involves measurement of fluoride and other ionic concentrations in groundwater using ion chromatography, followed by an estimation of the cumulative density function and fluorosis risk. The fluoride concentration in water samples varied from 0.04 to 8.2 mg/L with 85% samples falling above the permissible limit. The empirical cumulative density function was used to estimate the percentage and degree of health risks associated with the consumption of F⁻ contaminated water. It is found that 55% of the samples indicate risk of dental fluorosis, 42% indicate risk of deformities to knee and hip bones, and 18% indicate risk of crippling fluorosis. In addition, instances of high nitrate concentrations above the permissible limit of 45 mg/L are also found in 13% of samples. The fluoride rich groundwater is mainly associated with the Na–HCO₃–Cl type water facies while low fluoride groundwater shows varied chemical facies. The saturation index values indicate a high probability of a further increase in F⁻ concentration in groundwater of this region. The calculated fluoride exposure risk for the general public in the study area is 3–6 times higher than the allowed limit of 0.05 mg/kg/day. Based on the results of this study, a fluorosis index map was prepared for the study area. The northern and northeastern parts are less prone to fluorosis, whereas the south-central and southwestern parts are highly vulnerable to fluorosis. The inferences from this study help to prioritize the regions that need immediate attention for remediation.

暴露于高于1.5 mg / L阈值的氟化物浓度会导致关节疼痛，活动受限，骨骼和牙齿氟中毒。这项研究旨在确定富含氟化物的地下水的水化学演化，并估计印度拉贾斯坦邦的半干旱东北部居民暴露于氟化物的风险。该方法涉及使用离子色谱法测量地下水中的氟化物和其他离子浓度，然后估算累积密度函数和氟中毒风险。水样中的氟化物浓度从0.04到8.2 mg / L不等，其中85％的样品低于允许的极限。经验累积密度函数来估计与F的消费有关的百分比和健康风险程度^-被污染的水。发现有55％的样本表明患有氟中毒的风险，42％的样本表明膝盖和髋骨有畸形的风险，18％的样本表明氟中毒有风险。此外，在13％的样品中也发现硝酸盐浓度较高，超过允许的上限45 mg / L。富含氟化物的地下水主要与Na–HCO ₃ –Cl型水相有关，而低氟化物的地下水则具有多种化学相。饱和指数值表明在F中进一步增加的可能性很高^-该区域地下水中的浓度。计算得出的研究区域内普通公众的氟化物暴露风险是0.05毫克/千克/天的允许限值的3-6倍。根据这项研究的结果，为研究区域准备了氟中毒指数图。北部和东北部地区不太容易发生氟中毒，而中南部和西南部地区则很容易发生氟中毒。这项研究的推论有助于确定需要立即关注进行补救的区域的优先级。