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Occurrence of Heavy Metals in Groundwater Along the Lithological Interface of K/T Boundary, Peninsular India: A Special Focus on Source, Geochemical Mobility and Health Risk
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ( IF 4 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-03 , DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00803-1
Thivya Chandrasekar , Tirumalesh Keesari , Gnanachandrasamy Gopalakrishnan , Shankar Karuppannan , Venkatramanan Senapathi , Chidambaram Sabarathinam , Prasanna Mohan Viswanathan

Evaluation of the hydrogeochemical processes governing the heavy metal distribution and the associated health risk is important in managing and protecting the health of freshwater resources. This study mainly focused on the health impacts due to the heavy metals pollution in a known Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) contact region (Tiruchinopoly, Tamilnadu) of peninsular India, using various pollution indices, statistical, and geochemical analyses. A total of 63 samples were collected from the hard rock aquifers and sedimentary formations during southwest monsoon and analysed for heavy metals, such as Li, Be, Al, Rb, Sr, Cs, Ba, pb, Mn, Fe, Cr, Zn, Ga, Cu, As, Ni, and Co. Ba was the dominant element that ranged from 441 to 42,638 μg/l in hard rock aquifers, whereas Zn was the major element in sedimentary formations, with concentrations that ranged from 44 to 118,281 μg/l. The concentrations of Fe, Ni, Cr, Al, Cr, and Ni fell above the permissible limit in both of the formations. However, the calculated heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), heavy metal pollution index (HPI), and the degree of contamination (Cd) parameters were higher in the sedimentary formation along the contact zone of the K/T boundary. Excessive health risks from consumption of contaminated groundwater were mostly confined to populations in the northern and southwestern regions of the study area. Carcinogenic risk assessment suggests that there are elevated risks of cancer due to prolonged consumption of untreated groundwater. Ba, Sr, and Zn were found to be geochemically highly mobile due to the partitioning between the rock matrix and groundwater, aided by the formation of soluble carbonato-complexes. Factor analysis indicates that the metals are mainly derived from the host rocks and anthropogenic inputs are relatively insignificant. Overall, this study indicated that groundwater in K/T contact zones is vulnerable to contamination because of the favorable geochemical factors. Long-term monitoring of such contact zones is required to avert the potential health hazards associated with consumption of the contaminated groundwater.



中文翻译:

沿印度半岛K / T边界岩性界面地下水中重金属的存在:特别关注源,地球化学流动性和健康风险

评价控制重金属分布的水文地球化学过程及其相关的健康风险,对于管理和保护淡水资源的健康至关重要。这项研究主要使用各种污染指数,统计数据和地球化学分析,重点研究印度半岛已知的白垩纪-第三纪(K / T)接触区域(Tiruchinopoly,Tamilnadu)对重金属污染的健康影响。总共从西南季风期间的硬岩含水层和沉积岩层中收集了63个样品,并分析了重金属,例如Li,Be,Al,Rb,Sr,Cs,Ba,pb,Mn,Fe,Cr,Zn,在硬岩含水层中,Ga,Cu,As,Ni和Co.Ba是主要元素,其含量范围为441至42,638μg/ l,而Zn是沉积岩层中的主要元素,浓度范围为44至118,281μg/ l。在两个地层中,Fe,Ni,Cr,Al,Cr和Ni的浓度均低于允许的极限。但是,计算出的重金属评估指数(HEI),重金属污染指数(HPI)和污染程度(ç d)参数在沿K / T边界接触带的沉积层中较高。消耗受污染的地下水造成的过度健康风险主要限于研究区域北部和西南部的人口。致癌风险评估表明,由于长时间食用未经处理的地下水,患癌症的风险增加。由于岩石基质和地下水之间的分配,而可溶性碳酸盐复合物的形成,Ba,Sr和Zn在地球化学上具有很高的流动性。因子分析表明,金属主要来自基质岩,而人为输入相对较少。总体而言,这项研究表明,由于有利的地球化学因素,K / T接触区的地下水很容易受到污染。

更新日期:2021-01-03
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