The Vip3A, a vegetative Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) gene, has been introduced into many Cry maize and cotton varieties that can manage the recently occurred Cry1/Cry2 resistance in Noctuidae pests including Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) in the USA. A seed blend refuge has been used for providing susceptible insect populations for Bt maize resistance management. Four field trials were deployed in this study to investigate the effects of Bt protein contamination due to gene flow in seed blend refuges of Viptera maize containing Cry1Ab and Vip3Aa20 genes with 0–30% refuges on the survival, development, and reproduction of the parental and F₁ generations of H. zea. Viptera maize is highly effective against H. zea and likely expresses a ‘high dose’ for the insect. Compared to the survival on the structured refuge, seed blends reduced approximately 70% of the pupal and adult productions from refuge ears, and the reductions were not related to the refuge percentage. Pupae from the seed blend refuge weighed 22.1% less than those from the structured refuge, but the body mass reduction did not significantly affect the reproduction per female. All field populations were highly resistant to Cry1Ab, but susceptible to Vip3Aa20. Fitness of the F₁ generations from the structured and seed blend refuges in diet rearing was generally similar. Data generated from the study can be used in simulation modeling to evaluate the feasibility of seed blends for resistance management.

Vip3A是一种苏云金芽孢杆菌（Btillus thuringiensis）基因，已被引入许多Cry玉米和棉花品种中，这些品种可以控制最近在Noctuidae害虫中发生的Cry1 / Cry2抗性，包括美国的Helicoverpa zea（Boddie）。种子混合庇护所已用于为Bt玉米抗性管理提供易感昆虫种群。在这项研究中进行了四个田间试验，以研究含Cry1Ab和Vip3Aa20基因且庇护区为0％至30％的Viptera玉米种子共混避难所中由于基因流引起的Bt蛋白质污染对亲本和成虫的存活，发育和繁殖的影响。F ₁世代玉米。玉米pt蝶对玉米H. zea非常有效，并且可能对昆虫表达“高剂量”。与结构化避难所的生存相比，种子混合物减少了避难所耳朵的and和成年产品的约70％，且减少量与避难所百分比无关。来自种子混合庇护所的比来自结构化庇护所的轻22.1％，但是体重的减少并没有显着影响每个雌性的繁殖。所有田间种群均对Cry1Ab具有高度抗性，但对Vip3Aa20易感。F ₁的适用性饮食饲养中结构性和种子混合庇护所的世代基本相似。该研究产生的数据可用于模拟建模，以评估种子共混物用于抗性管理的可行性。