Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease that, despite intensive control and mitigation initiatives, continues to pose an enormous public health burden. Plasmodium vivax is one of the principal causes of malaria in humans. Antibodies, which play a fundamental role in the host response to P. vivax , are acquired through exposure to the parasite. Here, we introduce a stochastic, within-host model of antibody responses to P. vivax for an individual in a general transmission setting. We begin by developing an epidemiological framework accounting for P. vivax infections resulting from new mosquito bites (primary infections), as well as the activation of dormant-liver stages known as hypnozoites (relapses). By constructing an infinite server queue, we obtain analytic results for the distribution of relapses in a general transmission setting. We then consider a simple model of antibody kinetics, whereby antibodies are boosted with each infection, but are subject to decay over time. By embedding this model for antibody kinetics in the epidemiological framework using a generalised shot noise process, we derive analytic expressions governing the distribution of antibody levels for a single individual in a general transmission setting. Our work provides a means to explore exposure-dependent antibody dynamics for P. vivax , with the potential to address key questions in the context of serological surveillance and acquired immunity.

中文翻译：

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间日疟原虫疟疾的抗体动力学：数学模型

疟疾是一种蚊媒疾病，尽管采取了密集的控制和缓解措施，但仍继续构成巨大的公共卫生负担。间日疟原虫是人类疟疾的主要原因之一。在宿主对间日疟原虫的反应中起重要作用的抗体是通过接触寄生虫获得的。在这里，我们介绍了一个随机的、宿主内的抗体反应模型，该模型针对一般传播环境中的个体对间日疟原虫的抗体反应。我们首先开发了一个流行病学框架，用于解释由新蚊虫叮咬（原发感染）引起的间日疟原虫感染，以及称为休眠体（复发）的休眠肝脏阶段的激活。通过构建无限服务器队列，我们​​获得了一般传输设置中复发分布的分析结果。然后我们考虑一个简单的抗体动力学模型，其中抗体会随着每次感染而增强，但会随着时间的推移而衰减。通过使用广义散粒噪声过程将该抗体动力学模型嵌入到流行病学框架中，我们推导出了控制一般传播环境中单个个体的抗体水平分布的分析表达式。我们的工作提供了一种探索间日疟原虫暴露依赖性抗体动力学的方法，有可能解决血清学监测和获得性免疫背景下的关键问题。我们推导出了在一般传播环境中控制单个个体抗体水平分布的分析表达式。我们的工作提供了一种探索间日疟原虫暴露依赖性抗体动力学的方法，有可能解决血清学监测和获得性免疫背景下的关键问题。我们推导出了在一般传播环境中控制单个个体抗体水平分布的分析表达式。我们的工作提供了一种探索间日疟原虫暴露依赖性抗体动力学的方法，有可能解决血清学监测和获得性免疫背景下的关键问题。