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Electronic-Cigarette Use Alters Nasal Mucosal Immune Response to Live-attenuated Influenza Virus. A Clinical Trial
American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology ( IF 6.4 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-01 , DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0164oc
Meghan E Rebuli 1, 2, 3 , Ellen Glista-Baker 2 , Jessica R Hoffman 4 , Parker F Duffney 1 , Carole Robinette 2 , Adam M Speen 1 , Erica A Pawlak 2 , Radhika Dhingra 5, 6 , Terry L Noah 2, 3 , Ilona Jaspers 1, 2, 3, 5
Affiliation  

Inhalation of tobacco smoke has been linked to increased risk of viral infection, such as influenza. Inhalation of electronic-cigarette (e-cigarette) aerosol has also recently been linked to immune suppression within the respiratory tract, specifically the nasal mucosa. We propose that changes in the nasal mucosal immune response modify antiviral host-defense responses in e-cigarette users. Nonsmokers, cigarette smokers, and e-cigarette users were inoculated with live-attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) to safely examine the innate immune response to influenza infection. Before and after LAIV inoculation, we collected nasal epithelial-lining fluid, nasal lavage fluid, nasal-scrape biopsy specimens, urine, and blood. Endpoints examined include cytokines and chemokines, influenza-specific IgA, immune-gene expression, and markers of viral load. Statistical analysis included primary comparisons of cigarette and e-cigarette groups with nonsmokers, as well as secondary analysis of demographic factors as potential modifiers. Markers of viral load did not differ among the three groups. Nasal-lavage-fluid anti-LAIV IgA levels increased in nonsmokers after LAIV inoculation but did not increase in e-cigarette users and cigarette smokers. LAIV-induced gene-expression changes in nasal biopsy specimens differed in cigarette smokers and e-cigarette users as compared with nonsmokers, with a greater number of genes changed in e-cigarette users, mostly resulting in decreased expression. The top downregulated genes in cigarette smokers were SMPD3, NOS2A, and KLRB1, and the top downregulated genes in e-cigarette users were MR1, NT5E, and HRAS. Similarly, LAIV-induced cytokine levels in nasal epithelial-lining fluid differed among the three groups, including decreased antiviral host-defense mediators (IFNγ, IL6, and IL12p40). We also detected that sex interacted with tobacco-product exposure to modify LAIV-induced immune-gene expression. Our results demonstrate that e-cigarette use altered nasal LAIV-induced immune responses, including gene expression, cytokine and chemokine release, and LAIV-specific IgA levels. Together, these data suggest that e-cigarette use induces changes in the nasal mucosa that are consistent with the potential for altered respiratory antiviral host-defense function.

Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 02019745).



中文翻译:

电子烟的使用改变了对减毒活流感病毒的鼻粘膜免疫反应。临床试验

吸入烟草烟雾与流感等病毒感染的风险增加有关。吸入电子烟(e-香烟)气雾剂最近也与呼吸道内的免疫抑制有关,特别是鼻粘膜。我们建议鼻粘膜免疫反应的变化会改变电子烟使用者的抗病毒宿主防御反应。不吸烟者、吸烟者和电子烟使用者接种了减毒活流感病毒 (LAIV),以安全地检查对流感感染的先天免疫反应。在 LAIV 接种前后,我们收集了鼻上皮内衬液、鼻腔灌洗液、鼻刮活检标本、尿液和血液。检查的终点包括细胞因子和趋化因子、流感特异性 IgA、免疫基因表达和病毒载量标志物。统计分析包括香烟和电子烟组与非吸烟者的主要比较,以及作为潜在调节因素的人口统计因素的二次分析。三组之间的病毒载量标志物没有差异。接种 LAIV 后,非吸烟者的鼻腔灌洗液抗 LAIV IgA 水平增加,但电子烟使用者和吸烟者的鼻腔灌洗液水平没有增加。与不吸烟者相比,吸烟者和电子烟使用者的鼻活检标本中 LAIV 诱导的基因表达变化不同,电子烟使用者的基因改变数量较多,主要导致表达下降。吸烟者中下调幅度最大的基因是 以及人口因素的二次分析作为潜在的修正。三组之间的病毒载量标志物没有差异。接种 LAIV 后,非吸烟者的鼻腔灌洗液抗 LAIV IgA 水平增加,但电子烟使用者和吸烟者的鼻腔灌洗液水平没有增加。与不吸烟者相比,吸烟者和电子烟使用者的鼻活检标本中 LAIV 诱导的基因表达变化不同,电子烟使用者的基因改变数量较多,主要导致表达下降。吸烟者中下调幅度最大的基因是 以及人口因素的二次分析作为潜在的修正。三组之间的病毒载量标志物没有差异。接种 LAIV 后,非吸烟者的鼻腔灌洗液抗 LAIV IgA 水平增加,但电子烟使用者和吸烟者的鼻腔灌洗液水平没有增加。与不吸烟者相比,吸烟者和电子烟使用者的鼻活检标本中 LAIV 诱导的基因表达变化不同,电子烟使用者的基因改变数量较多,主要导致表达下降。吸烟者中下调幅度最大的基因是 与不吸烟者相比,吸烟者和电子烟使用者的鼻活检标本中 LAIV 诱导的基因表达变化不同,电子烟使用者的基因改变数量较多,主要导致表达下降。吸烟者中下调幅度最大的基因是 与不吸烟者相比,吸烟者和电子烟使用者的鼻活检标本中 LAIV 诱导的基因表达变化不同,电子烟使用者的基因改变数量较多,主要导致表达下降。吸烟者中下调幅度最大的基因是SMPD3NOS2AKLRB1,电子烟使用者中下调最多的基因是MR1NT5EHRAS. 同样,LAIV 诱导的鼻上皮液中细胞因子水平在三组中不同,包括抗病毒宿主防御介质(IFNγ、IL6 和 IL12p40)减少。我们还检测到性别与烟草产品接触相互作用以改变 LAIV 诱导的免疫基因表达。我们的结果表明,电子烟的使用改变了鼻腔 LAIV 诱导的免疫反应,包括基因表达、细胞因子和趋化因子释放,以及 LAIV 特异性 IgA 水平。总之,这些数据表明,电子烟的使用会引起鼻粘膜的变化,这与呼吸道抗病毒宿主防御功能的潜在改变是一致的。

在 www.clinicaltrials.gov 注册的临床试验 (NCT 02019745)。

更新日期:2021-01-01
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