Meteorological and oceanic responses to Typhoons Hato and Mangkhut were captured by storm-monitoring network buoys over the northern shelf of the South China Sea. With similar shelf-traversing trajectories, these two typhoons exhibited distinctly different features in storm-induced oceanic mixing and oceanic heat transfer through the air-sea interface. A well-defined cold wake was detected underneath the storm due to a rapid drop in sea surface temperature during the Hato crossing, but not during the Mangkhut crossing. Impacts of oceanic mixing on forming a storm-produced cold wake were associated with the pre-storm condition of water stratification. In addition to oceanic mixing produced through the diffusion process by shear and buoyancy turbulence productions, the short-time scale of mixing suggested convection/overturning may play a critical role in the rapid cooling at the sea surface. The importance of convection/ overturning to mixing depended on the duration of atmospheric cooling above the sea surface-the longer the atmospheric cooling, the more significant effect on mixing. Including the oceanic mixed layer (OML) in the WRF model was capable of reproducing the observed storm-induced variations of wind and air pressure, but not the air and sea surface temperatures. Process-oriented numerical experiments with the OML models supported both observational and modeling findings. To simulate the storm-induced mixing in a coupled atmospheric and oceanic model, we need to improve the physics of vertical mixing with non-hydrostatic convection/overturning. Warming over the shelf is projected to have a more energetic influence on future typhoon intensities and trajectories.

南海北部陆架上的暴风雨监测网络浮标捕获了对台风哈多和山竹的气象和海洋反应。在类似的陆架运动轨迹下，这两个台风在风暴引起的海洋混合和通过海气界面的海洋热传递中表现出明显不同的特征。由于在Hato穿越时海面温度快速下降，但在Mangkhut穿越时未在风暴下检测到清晰的冷唤醒。海洋混合对形成暴风雨产生的冷尾的影响与暴风雨前的水分层有关。除了通过剪切和浮力湍流产生的扩散过程产生的海洋混合之外，短时间尺度的混合表明对流/倾覆可能在海面的快速冷却中起关键作用。对流/翻转对混合的重要性取决于海平面以上大气冷却的持续时间-大气冷却时间越长，对混合的影响越大。在WRF模型中包括海洋混合层（OML）能够重现观察到的风暴诱发的风和气压变化，但不能重现空气和海面温度。使用OML模型进行的面向过程的数值实验既支持观察结果，也支持建模结果。为了在大气和海洋耦合模型中模拟风暴引起的混合，我们需要改善非静流对流/倾覆的垂直混合的物理性质。