The effect of various physicochemical parameters was investigated on the removal efficiency of azo dye reactive red 120 from wastewaters by sunflower hairy roots. The highest percentage removal of the colored dye from wastewater(s) was observed at 25 °C, pH 7, adsorbent dosage 12.5 g L⁻¹, shaking speed 85 rpm and light intensity 20 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹. Further, a combinatorial study with all the optimized parameters was performed in the dye concentration range of 20–110 mg L⁻¹ to determine the synergistic effect, if any, of all the physicochemical parameters on the kinetics of the dye removal. Nearly 100% dye removal could be achieved in 32 h as opposed to only 54% under the unoptimized conditions. Similarly, the initial dye removal rate could also be enhanced (from 3.4 to 19.6 mg L⁻¹ h⁻¹) under the optimized conditions. This correlated well with the proportionate increase in the (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) antioxidant potential of the root system under the optimized process parameters. The potential degradation of reactive red 120 by sunflower hairy roots was studied by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy and scanning electronic microscope analysis. Interestingly, sunflower hairy root system was also able to remove other azo dyes like reactive orange 16 and reactive blue 21 from their aqueous solutions. As seen in the study with reactive red 120, the removal increased from 49.5% under unoptimized conditions to 80.7% under optimized conditions (1.6 fold) for reactive orange 16 and from 55 to 82% (1.5 fold) for reactive blue 21, suggesting that these physicochemical parameters could significantly influence the removal of azo dyes in plant cells and their optimization can lead to further enhancement in the efficiency of the phytoremediation process for azo dye removal. The effect of optimized parameters on the removal of azo dyes from other wastewater compositions (synthetic and actual with different total dissolved solids) was also investigated to check the extrapolation of the key results obtained earlier with an aqueous solution of the dyes. As observed earlier, in a similar combinatorial study, the removal of reactive red 120 (90 mg L⁻¹) could be improved from 72 to 92% (1.2 fold) in its solution in tap water (TDS: 650 ppm), from 26 to 72% (2.8 fold) in its solution in synthetic wastewater (TDS: 950 ppm) and from 41 to 62% in its solution in a secondary treated actual textile wastewater (TDS: 350 ppm).

研究了各种理化参数对向日葵毛根去除废水中偶氮染料活性红120的影响。在25°C，pH 7，吸附剂量12.5 g L ^-1，振摇速度85 rpm和光强度20μmolm ^-2  s ^-1的条件下，废水中有色染料的去除率最高。此外，在20–110 mg L ^-1的染料浓度范围内进行了所有优化参数的组合研究确定所有理化参数对染料去除动力学的协同作用（如果有）。在32小时内可以实现近100％的染料去除，而在未优化的条件下只有54％。同样，初始染料去除率也可以提高（从3.4到19.6 mg L ^-1  h ^-1）在最佳条件下。在优化的工艺参数下，这与根系的（酶促和非酶促）抗氧化剂潜力的成比例增加密切相关。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱和扫描电子显微镜分析研究了向日葵毛状根对活性红120的潜在降解作用。有趣的是，向日葵的毛状根系还能够从其水溶液中去除其他偶氮染料，如活性橙16和活性蓝21。正如在活性红120的研究中所见，活性橙16的去除率从未优化条件下的49.5％增加到优化条件下的80.7％（1.6倍），活性橙21的去除率从55％增至82％（1.5倍），这表明这些理化参数可以显着影响植物细胞中偶氮染料的去除，其优化可以进一步提高去除偶氮染料的植物修复过程的效率。还研究了优化参数对从其他废水成分（合成的和实际的总溶解固体不同）中去除偶氮染料的影响，以检查较早使用染料水溶液获得的关键结果的推断。正如之前所观察到的，在类似的组合研究中，活性红120（90 mg L 还研究了优化参数对从其他废水成分（合成的和实际的总溶解固体不同）中去除偶氮染料的影响，以检查较早使用染料水溶液获得的关键结果的推断。正如之前所观察到的，在类似的组合研究中，活性红120（90 mg L 还研究了优化参数对从其他废水成分（合成的和实际的总溶解固体不同）中去除偶氮染料的影响，以检查较早使用染料水溶液获得的关键结果的推断。正如之前所观察到的，在类似的组合研究中，活性红120（90 mg L^-1）可以在自来水（TDS：650 ppm）中从其溶液的72％提高到92％（1.2倍），在其合成废水（TDS：950 ppm）中从26％到72％（2.8倍）和经二次处理的实际纺织废水（TDS：350 ppm）中溶液的浓度从41％到62％不等。