The objective of this study was to evaluate physical–chemical and microbial indicators of indoor air quality in three nursing houses (NHs) located in rural areas of the northeast of Portugal. The parameters were measured during two campaigns (winter and summer), twice a day, and in four distinct spaces for spatial variability assessment: dining room, living room, double bedroom and outdoor of the NHs. Physical–chemical indicators were assessed by using a Graywolf IQ 610 probe. Airborne microbial levels were evaluated by direct impaction to the culture media, and subsequently, the microorganisms were identified molecularly. Mean concentrations of physical–chemical (with the exception of total volatile organic compounds, TVOCs) and microbial indicators did not exceed the legal limits. Overall, in all NHs, the indoor-to-outdoor (I/O) concentration ratios of chemical and biological pollutants were ≤ 1 in the summer, while in the winter were > 1. Bacillus , Micrococcus and Staphylococcus were the dominant bacterial genera, and Aspergillus , Cladosporium and Penicillium were the dominant fungal genera. The diversity of species was higher in summer. The main results suggest that a good air quality prevails in all studied spaces, although conditions less desirable have been identified in winter, indicating the need to deepen the study of air quality in these places, since these are occupied by elderly people who are more susceptible to infections.

中文翻译：

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欧洲西南部老年环境中室内空气质量的评估

本研究的目的是评估位于葡萄牙东北部农村地区的三个疗养院 (NH) 的室内空气质量的物理化学和微生物指标。这些参数是在两次活动（冬季和夏季）期间测量的，每天两次，并在四个不同的空间进行空间可变性评估：餐厅、客厅、双人卧室和 NH 的室外。使用 Graywolf IQ 610 探头评估理化指标。空气传播的微生物水平通过直接撞击培养基来评估，随后，微生物被分子鉴定。物理-化学（总挥发性有机化合物，TVOCs 除外）和微生物指标的平均浓度没有超过法定限值。总体而言，在所有 NH 中，化学和生物污染物的室内外（I/O）浓度比夏季≤1，冬季>1。芽孢杆菌、微球菌和葡萄球菌是优势菌属，曲霉菌、枝孢菌和青霉菌属是优势真菌属。夏季物种多样性较高。主要结果表明，所有研究的空间都具有良好的空气质量，尽管在冬季发现了不太理想的条件，这表明需要深入研究这些地方的空气质量，因为这些地方被更容易受到影响的老年人居住到感染。Cladosporium 和 Penicillium 是优势真菌属。夏季物种多样性较高。主要结果表明，所有研究的空间都具有良好的空气质量，尽管在冬季发现了不太理想的条件，这表明需要深入研究这些地方的空气质量，因为这些地方被更容易受到影响的老年人居住到感染。Cladosporium 和 Penicillium 是优势真菌属。夏季物种多样性较高。主要结果表明，所有研究的空间都具有良好的空气质量，尽管在冬季发现了不太理想的条件，这表明需要深入研究这些地方的空气质量，因为这些地方被更容易受到影响的老年人居住到感染。