The city of Iznik (ancient Nicaea), located on the middle strand of the North Anatolian fault zone (MNAF), presents outstanding archeological monuments preserved from the Roman and Ottoman periods (first to fifteenth centuries A.D.), bearing deformations that can be linked to past seismic shaking. To constrain the date and intensity of these historical earthquakes, a systematic survey of earthquake archeological effects (EAEs) is carried out on the city’s damaged buildings. Each of the 235 EAEs found is given a quality ranking, and the corresponding damage is classified according to the European Macroseismic Scale 1998 (EMS‐98). We show that the walls oriented north–south were preferentially damaged, and that most deformations are perpendicular to the walls’ axes. The date of postseismic repairs is constrained with available archeological data and new C14 dating of mortar charcoals. Three damage episodes are evidenced: (1) between the sixth and late eighth centuries, (2) between the nineth and late eleventh centuries A.D., and (3) after the late fourteenth century A.D. The repartition of damage as a function of building vulnerability points toward a global intensity VIII on the EMS‐98. The 3D modeling of a deformed Roman obelisk shows that only earthquakes rupturing the MNAF can account for this deformation. Their magnitude can be bracketed between Mw 6 and 7. Our archeoseismological study complements the historical seismicity catalog and confirms paleoseismological data, suggesting several destructive earthquakes along the MNAF, since the first century A.D. We suggest the fault might still have accumulated enough stress to generate an Mw 7+ rupture.

中文翻译：

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从考古破坏清单和建筑物变形模型推导出的北安纳托利亚断层中链的历史地震情景

伊兹尼克市（古尼西亚）位于北安纳托利亚断层带 (MNAF) 的中段，展示了从罗马和奥斯曼时期（公元 1 世纪到 15 世纪）保存下来的杰出考古遗迹，其变形可能与过去的地震震动。为了限制这些历史地震的发生日期和强度，对城市受损建筑物进行了地震考古效应 (EAE) 的系统调查。发现的 235 个 EAE 中的每一个都给出了质量等级，并根据 1998 年欧洲宏观地震等级 (EMS-98) 对相应的损坏进行了分类。我们表明南北向的墙壁优先受损，并且大多数变形垂直于墙壁的轴。震后修复的日期受限于可用的考古数据和砂浆木炭的新 C14 年代测定。证明了三个破坏事件：(1) 公元 6 世纪到 8 世纪晚期之间，(2) 公元 9 世纪到 11 世纪后期之间，以及 (3) 公元 14 世纪后期之后 破坏的重新分配作为建立脆弱点的函数EMS-98 上的全球强度 VIII。变形的罗马方尖碑的 3D 建模表明，只有破坏 MNAF 的地震才能解释这种变形。它们的震级可以介于 Mw 6 和 7 之间。 我们的考古地震学研究补充了历史地震活动目录并证实了古地震学数据，表明自公元一世纪以来沿 MNAF 发生了几次破坏性地震