CD8⁺ T cells are critical to combat pathogens and eradicate malignantly transformed cells. To exert their effector function and kill target cells, T cells produce copious amounts of effector molecules, including the pro‐inflammatory cytokines interferon γ, tumour necrosis factor α and interleukin 2. TCR triggering alone is sufficient to induce cytokine secretion by effector and memory CD8⁺ T cells. However, T cells can also be directly activated by pathogen‐derived molecules, such as through the triggering of Toll‐like receptors (TLRs). TLR‐mediated pathogen sensing by T cells results in the production of only interferon γ. However, in particular when the antigen load on target cells is low, or when TCR affinity to the antigen is limited, antigen‐experienced T cells can benefit from costimulatory signals. TLR stimulation can also function in a costimulatory fashion to enhance TCR triggering. Combined TCR and TLR triggering enhances the proliferation, memory formation and effector function of T cells, resulting in enhanced production of interferon γ, tumour necrosis factor α and interleukin 2. Therefore, TLR ligands or the exploitation of TLR signalling could provide novel opportunities for immunotherapy approaches. In fact, CD19 CAR T cells bearing an intracellular TLR2 costimulatory domain were recently employed to treat cancer patients in a clinical trial. Here, the current knowledge regarding TLR2/7 stimulation‐induced cytokine production by T cells is reviewed. Specifically, the transcriptional and post‐transcriptional pathways engaged upon TLR2/7 sensing and TLR2/7 signalling are discussed. Finally, the potential uses of TLRs to enhance the anti‐tumor effector function of T cells are explored.

中文翻译：

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Toll样受体2/7介导的T细胞活化：增加CD8 + T细胞细胞因子产生的先天潜力

CD8 ⁺ T细胞对于对抗病原体和根除恶性转化的细胞至关重要。为了发挥其效应功能并杀死靶细胞，T细胞产生大量的效应分子，包括促炎性细胞因子干扰素γ，肿瘤坏死因子α和白介素2。仅通过TCR触发就足以诱导效应子和记忆CD8分泌细胞因子。⁺T细胞。但是，T细胞也可以被病原体衍生的分子直接激活，例如通过触发Toll样受体（TLR）。T细胞介导的TLR介导的病原体感应仅产生干扰素γ。但是，特别是当靶细胞上的抗原负荷较低时，或者当TCR对抗原的亲和力受到限制时，经历抗原的T细胞可以从共刺激信号中受益。TLR刺激还可以以共刺激的方式起作用，以增强TCR触发。TCR和TLR联合触发可增强T细胞的增殖，记忆形成和效应子功能，从而提高干扰素γ，肿瘤坏死因子α和白介素2的产生。因此，TLR配体或对TLR信号的利用可为免疫治疗提供新的机会方法。实际上，最近，在临床试验中，将带有细胞内TLR2共刺激结构域的CD19 CAR T细胞用于治疗癌症患者。在此，对有关T细胞由TLR2 / 7刺激诱导的细胞因子产生的当前知识进行了综述。具体来说，讨论了与TLR2 / 7感应和TLR2 / 7信号传导有关的转录和转录后途径。最后，探讨了TLR增强T细胞抗肿瘤效应子功能的潜在用途。