Ecosystems under ecological restoration should be monitored in order to investigate if the ecosystem is being functionally recovered, especially in highly vulnerable biodiversity hotspots like Andean forests. Here we sampled Hymenoptera families in four Andean forest reserves above 1800 masl from Southern Ecuador, in three conservation levels in each forest: low (degraded), medium (10–15 years of recovery) and high (well-conserved forest). All Hymenoptera families were classified into four functional groups: predators, herbivores, pollinators and parasitoids. A total of 32 hymenopteran families were collected, with parasitoids clearly dominating in the samples. Family assemblages were not statistically different, neither in abundance nor family richness. Assemblages were more similar between them in the high and medium areas than in low conservation areas, where assemblages were very variable and showed a higher functional diversity in two of the reserves. The low presence of pollinators may be due to the high humidity during the sampling and the sampling method. Although some results are promising for the restoring trajectory, especially for parasitoids, we should keep in mind that this is at family level, so it would be interesting to know if these patterns persist at lower taxonomic levels.

中文翻译：

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厄瓜多尔南部安第斯森林中膜翅目功能群在扰动梯度中的转移

应该监测处于生态恢复状态的生态系统，以调查生态系统是否正在功能恢复中，尤其是在安第斯森林等高度脆弱的生物多样性热点地区。在这里，我们对厄瓜多尔南部1800马尔斯以上的四个安第斯森林保护区中的膜翅目取样，每个森林的三个保护等级：低（退化），中（恢复10-15年）和高（保护完好的森林）。膜翅目的所有科均分为四个功能组：捕食者，草食动物，传粉媒介和拟寄生物。总共收集了32个膜翅目科，在样品中明显有寄生虫。家庭人数在统计上都没有差异，无论在人数上还是家庭上都没有。高保护区和中保护区的组合比低保护区的组合更相似，低保护区的组合变化很大，并且两个保护区的功能多样性更高。授粉媒介的低含量可能是由于采样和采样方法期间的高湿度所致。尽管对于恢复轨迹，尤其是对寄生虫，有一些结果很有希望，但我们应该记住，这是在家庭层面上，因此，了解这些模式是否在较低的分类学层面上仍然存在将是很有趣的。