Type 1 diabetes therapies that afford tighter glycemic control in a more manageable and painless manner for patients has remained a central focus of next-generation diabetes therapies. In many of these emerging technologies, namely, self-regulated insulin delivery and cell replacement therapies, hydrogels are employed to mitigate some of the most long-standing challenges. In this Review, we summarize recent developments in the use of hydrogels for both insulin delivery and insulin-producing cell therapies for type 1 diabetes management. We first outline perspectives in glucose sensitive hydrogels for smart insulin delivery, pH sensitive polymeric hydrogels for oral insulin delivery, and other physiochemical signals used to trigger insulin release from hydrogels. We, then, investigate the use of hydrogels in the encapsulation of insulin secreting cells with a special emphasis on hydrogels designed to mitigate the foreign body response, provide a suitable extracellular microenvironment, and improve mass transfer through oxygen supplementation and vascularization. Evaluations of limitations and promising directions for future research are also considered. Continuing interdisciplinary and collaborative research efforts will be required to produce hydrogels with instructive biochemical microenvironments necessary to address the enduring challenges of emerging type 1 diabetes therapies.

中文翻译：

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1 型糖尿病新兴技术中的水凝胶

以更易于管理和无痛的方式为患者提供更严格的血糖控制的 1 型糖尿病疗法仍然是下一代糖尿病疗法的中心焦点。在许多新兴技术中，即自我调节的胰岛素递送和细胞替代疗法，水凝胶被用来缓解一些最长期存在的挑战。在这篇综述中，我们总结了使用水凝胶进行胰岛素输送和产生胰岛素的细胞疗法治疗 1 型糖尿病的最新进展。我们首先概述了用于智能胰岛素递送的葡萄糖敏感水凝胶、用于口服胰岛素递送的 pH 敏感聚合物水凝胶以及用于触发水凝胶释放胰岛素的其他物理化学信号的前景。然后我们，研究水凝胶在封装胰岛素分泌细胞中的应用，特别强调旨在减轻异物反应的水凝胶，提供合适的细胞外微环境，并通过氧气补充和血管化改善传质。还考虑了对未来研究的局限性和有希望的方向的评估。需要持续的跨学科和协作研究工作来生产具有指导性生化微环境的水凝胶，以应对新兴 1 型糖尿病疗法的持久挑战。还考虑了对未来研究的局限性和有希望的方向的评估。需要持续的跨学科和协作研究工作来生产具有指导性生化微环境的水凝胶，以应对新兴 1 型糖尿病疗法的持久挑战。还考虑了对未来研究的局限性和有希望的方向的评估。需要持续的跨学科和协作研究工作来生产具有指导性生化微环境的水凝胶，以应对新兴 1 型糖尿病疗法的持久挑战。