The pollen beetle is a major pest of oilseed rape. Although various resistance mechanisms have been identified, such as kdr (mutation in the sodium channel) and metabolic resistance (CYP overexpression), other “hidden” factors also exist. Some studies have stressed the importance of epistasis as a genetic background. The combination of kdr and metabolic resistance appears to be unfavorable under field conditions in the absence of pesticide selection. The regulation of detoxification enzymes can play an important role, but we highlight different detoxification markers compared to those emphasized in other studies. We also stress the importance of studying the role of markers identified as pathogenesis-related protein 5-like (PR5; upregulated by insecticides) and highlight the role of RNA (DEAD-box) helicases (downregulated by insecticides). Thus, we suggest the importance of epigenetic drivers of resistance/tolerance to pesticides. The key results are similar to those of our previous study, in which deltamethrin treatment of the pollen beetle was also investigated by a proteogenomic approach. Indeed, the mechanism leading to resistance of the pollen beetle may be an innate mechanism that the pollen beetle can also employ in natural habitats, but under field conditions (pesticide exposure), this mechanism is used to survive in response to insecticides.

Significance

Pesticide resistance is a serious problem that hampers the successful production of crops. Understanding the mechanisms of insecticide resistance is highly important for successful pest control, especially when considering integrated pest management. Here, using a proteogenomic approach, we identified novel markers for understanding pollen beetle resistance to pesticides. In addition, future studies will reveal the role of these markers in the multiresistance of pollen beetle populations. We highlight that the proteins identified as PR5, which are known to occur in beetles and are similar to those in plants, may be responsible for tolerance to multiple stresses. In addition, our results indicate that the RNA helicases that exhibited changes in expression may be the epigenetic drivers of multiresistance. The nature of these changes remains an open question, and their relevance in different situations (responses to different stresses) in natural habitats in the absence of pesticides can be proposed.

中文翻译：

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Proteogenomic洞察花粉的杀虫剂耐受性/抗性甲虫的基础Brassicogethes（露尾甲）aeneus

花粉甲虫是油菜的主要害虫。尽管已确定了各种耐药机制，例如kdr（钠通道突变）和代谢耐药（CYP过表达），但其他“隐藏”因素也存在。一些研究强调了上位性作为遗传背景的重要性。kdr的组合在没有农药选择的田间条件下，新陈代谢抗性似乎是不利的。排毒酶的调节可以起重要作用，但是与其他研究相比，我们强调了不同的排毒标志物。我们还强调研究标记为与病程相关的蛋白5样（PR5；由杀虫剂上调）的标志物的作用的重要性，并强调RNA（DEAD-box）解旋酶（由杀虫剂下调）的作用。因此，我们建议对农药的耐药性/耐受性的表观遗传驱动因素的重要性。关键结果与我们先前的研究相似，在该研究中，也通过蛋白质组学方法研究了溴氰菊酯对花粉甲虫的治疗。确实，

意义

抗农药性是一个严重的问题，妨碍了作物的成功生产。了解杀虫剂抗药性的机制对于成功控制有害生物非常重要，尤其是在考虑综合有害生物管理时。在这里，我们使用蛋白质组学方法，确定了新的标志物，以了解花粉甲虫对农药的抗性。此外，未来的研究将揭示这些标记在花粉甲虫种群的多抗性中的作用。我们强调指出，被鉴定为PR5的蛋白质​​（已知存在于甲虫中且与植物中的蛋白质相似）可能是对多种胁迫的耐受性。此外，我们的结果表明表现出表达变化的RNA解旋酶可能是多抗的表观遗传驱动力。