Gloomy scale, Melanaspis tenebricosa (Comstock), is native to the eastern United States and feeds on deciduous trees. In natural areas, it is a background herbivore that typically remains at low densities. Gloomy scale generally responds positively to warming with greater egg production, size, survival, and abundance. In urban areas, which are warmer than surrounding natural areas, gloomy scale is pestiferous on planted trees, particularly red maple (Acer rubrum L.; Sapindales: Sapindaceae) but other native maples as well. They live on the bark and damage host trees by feeding from plant cells and tissues, which deprives the trees of energy and nutrients, reducing the trees’ growth and overall health. Gloomy scales are likely to expand their range beyond the Southeast and become pestilent in new areas with continued climatic warming and urbanization. Here we present a review of the biology, ecology, response to environmental conditions, host range and damage, and management of gloomy scale.

中文翻译：

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园林树木的阴沉尺度（半翅目：Dia科）生态与管理

令人沮丧的规模，Melanaspis tenebricosa（Comstock），原产于美国东部，以落叶乔木为食。在自然区域，背景食草动物通常保持低密度。令人沮丧的鳞片通常会对变暖产生积极的响应，从而增加产蛋量，大小，存活率和丰度。在比周围自然地区温暖的城市地区，种植的树木（尤其是红枫树（Acer rubrum）L .; Sapindales：Sapindaceae），但其他本地枫树也是如此。它们生活在树皮上，通过从植物细胞和组织中觅食来破坏寄主树，这剥夺了树木的能量和营养，降低了树木的生长和整体健康。令人沮丧的规模可能会扩大到东南部以外的地区，并随着持续的气候变暖和城市化而在新的地区成为瘟疫。在这里，我们对生物学，生态学，对环境条件的响应，寄主范围和破坏以及阴沉规模的管理进行了综述。