We document persistent gender gaps favoring females in jury convictions and judges’ sentences in nearly 200 years of London trials, which are unexplained by case characteristics. We find that three sharp changes in punishment severity locally affected the size and nature of the gaps but were generally not strong enough to offset their persistence. These local effects suggest a mechanism of preference-based discrimination (paternalism) in which the all-male judiciary protected females from the harshest available punishment.

中文翻译：

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刑事司法性别差距的持续存在：来自200年司法裁决的证据

我们记录了伦敦在近200年的审判中持续存在的性别差距，有利于女性在陪审团定罪和法官的判决中，这是案件特征无法解释的。我们发现，惩罚严重程度的三个急剧变化局部影响了差距的大小和性质，但通常不足以抵消其持久性。这些局部影响表明了一种基于偏爱的歧视（家长制）的机制，其中，全男性司法机构保护女性免受最严厉的惩罚。