Abstract The article offers a non-cartographic approach to the syntax of the left-peripheral particle to in Polish and Czech. It is claimed here that to is neither a topic nor a focus head. Instead, it has a status of a neutral Relator, a head of Relator Phrase, operative in the formation of the non-directional Structure of Predication. This structure serves the needs of Information Structure in providing a syntactic blueprint for segregating topics from foci, but these notions themselves are solely the interpretations of constituents and not independent syntactic categories. The analysis capitalizes on a clitic status of to in Czech, the lack of special clitics in Polish, and makes use of the ideas of the parametric directionality of Agreement and Labelling Algorithm allowing for merging heads to project.

中文翻译：

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关于左外围粒子，用波兰语和捷克语：焦点，主题头，或都不是？

摘要本文为波兰语和捷克语中的左外围粒子的语法提供了一种非制图方法。在此声称，to既不是话题，也不是焦点。取而代之的是，它具有中立的Relator的状态，Relator短语的负责人，在形成非定向谓词结构时起作用。此结构满足信息结构在提供将主题与焦点区分开的句法蓝图方面的需求，但是这些概念本身仅是构成要素的解释，而不是独立的句法类别。该分析利用了捷克的to的气候状况，波兰缺乏特殊气候的优势，并利用了协议和标签算法的参数化方向性思想，允许合并头进行投影。