Abstract Basic Valence Orientation has been suggested as a typological parameter by Nichols, Peterson, & Barnes (2004). Generalising over the entire lexicon, the idea is that languages can be distinguished as transitivising or detransitivising, depending on whether their verbs are basically intransitive or transitive and the opposite valency values require some means of derivation, such as causativisation or decausativisation. Whereas derivedness among valency opposites is assessed through easy-to-spot overt segmental morphological or syntactic markers by Nichols et . (2004), we argue that phonological alternations, on their own or attendant upon conjugation class switches between intransitives and transitives, can be as directed as derivations are which are implemented through adding segmental markers. Illustrating from German, we show that stem vowel patterns in strong and corresponding weak verbs (with the former expressing inflectional categories through ablaut) as well as umlaut alternations in verb derivation are systematically involved in valency oppositions and are both directed. Thus, German emerges as being typologically mixed, being strongly transitivising on the grounds of such asymmetric formal patterns, while also showing (as observed by Nichols et . 2004) a detransitivising or indeterminate disposition through syntactic “middle” marking or verb lability. This typological result is also of diachronic significance, insofar as the older transitivising inclination is seen to have been remarkably pertinacious, long surviving the loss of the affixal valencyincreasing morphology of Common Germanic and able to hold its own against more recent detransitivising competition.

中文翻译：

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宏观和微观类型学：基本价取向，比肉眼更易见

摘要Nichols，Peterson和Barnes（2004）已建议将基本价取向作为类型学参数。概括整个词典，我们的想法是根据语言的动词是基本的不及物还是和物，而相反的效价值需要某种推导方法，例如因果关系化或去因化作用，可以将它们区分为传递性还是反传递性。价相对性之间的衍生性是由Nichols等人通过易于发现的明显的分段形态或句法标记来评估的。（2004），我们认为语音转换，无论是单独还是伴随伴随物在不及物动词和及物动词之间进行共轭类转换，都可以被直接指导，就像通过添加分段标记来实现的。以德语为例，我们发现，强动词和弱动词中的元音模式（前者通过ablaut表示拐点类别）以及动词衍生中的变音变调都系统地与化合构式相对应，并且都是针对性的。因此，德语出现在类型学上是混合的，以这种不对称形式模式为基础进行了强烈的过渡，同时还通过句法“中间”标记或动词不稳定性（如Nichols等人2004所观察到的）显示出反过渡或不确定的性格。这种类型学的结果也具有历时意义，因为较旧的过渡倾斜被认为具有明显的永久性，