The purpose of this paper is to present the proposition that culture in international management has been dominated by a “Western dualism to measuring culture” (Caprar et al., 2015, p. 1024), which has resulted in severe problems and persistent limitations. The suggestion is that cultural research can be more productively conceived as a paradox involving a duality between two contrasting yet co-determined spheres or domains.,The paper provides an outline of culture as a paradox and an outline of a research approach to address the dualities of culture.,A cultural duality is described, which involves a paradoxical “yin-yang” relationship between two contrasting yet mutually constituted aspects of the collective mind. One domain, which involves conscious cognitive elements has dominated research characterized by positivism and empirical cross-cultural explorations of phenomenological cultural values. The second, more recondite domain, involves unconscious and embodied cultural phenomena, which are more tacit and hidden in indirect expression through communicative interaction, exchanges of symbolic representations and embodied behaviour in context.,A methodological duality of qualitative and quantitative mixing in order to provide a bi-focal understanding of both tacit and explicit aspects of culture is proposed as a research agenda.,The suggestion is that these cultural shadows have been relatively neglected thus far in cross-cultural management research. This means that in order to better comprehend culture as paradox, an equalization of approaches sensitive to both sides of the duality is prescient. In pursuit of this idea, a complementary qualitative analysis directed at more nebulous cultural phenomena is proposed in order to provide a balanced analysis of culture as paradox.

中文翻译：

---

探索文化悖论：对文化价值和实践的补充队列分析

本文的目的是提出这样一个命题，即国际管理中的文化已被“衡量文化的西方二元论”所主导（Caprar等，2015，第1024页），这导致了严重的问题和持续的局限性。建议将文化研究更有效地理解为一种悖论，它涉及两个相对而又共同确定的领域或领域之间的对偶性。本文提供了文化作为悖论的轮廓，以及解决了对偶性的研究方法的轮廓。文化的二元性被描述，它涉及集体思想的两个相对而又相互构成的方面之间的自相矛盾的“阴阳”关系。一个域，它涉及意识的认知要素，主导了以实证主义和现象学文化价值的实证跨文化探索为特征的研究。第二个更为隐秘的领域，涉及无意识和具体化的文化现象，这些现象通过交流互动，符号表示的交换和具体化的行为在间接表达中更加隐性和隐性。定性和定量混合的方法论对偶性以提供对文化的隐性和显性方面的双重关注被提议作为研究议程。建议是，迄今为止，这些文化阴影在跨文化管理研究中相对被忽略了。这意味着为了更好地理解文化为悖论，预先确定对二元性双方都敏感的方法。为了追求这一想法，提出了针对更模糊的文化现象的补充定性分析，以提供对文化悖论的平衡分析。