Spatial disparities in income levels and worklessness in the European Union are profound, persistent and may be widening. We describe disparities across metropolitan regions and discuss theories and empirical evidence that help us understand what causes these disparities. Increases in the productivity benefits of cities, the clustering of highly educated workers and increases in their wage premium all play a role. Europe has a long-standing tradition of using capital subsidies, enterprise zones, transport investments and other place-based policies to address these disparities. The evidence suggests these policies may have partially offset increasing disparities but are not sufficient to fully offset the economic forces at work.

中文翻译：

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欧洲城市基于地点的政策和空间差异

欧盟收入水平和无工作能力的空间差距是巨大的，持续的，并且可能正在扩大。我们描述了大都市地区之间的差异，并讨论了有助于我们理解造成这些差异的原因的理论和经验证据。城市生产力收益的增加，受过良好教育的工人的聚集以及他们工资的提高都在发挥作用。欧洲有着使用资本补贴，企业区，运输投资和其他基于地方的政策来解决这些差距的悠久传统。有证据表明，这些政策可能部分抵消了日益增长的差距，但不足以完全抵消正在发挥作用的经济力量。