The purpose of this paper is to provide quantitative estimates on the impact of active labour market policy (ALMP) on youth unemployment in Europe based on a macroeconomic panel data set of youth unemployment, ALMP and education policy variables and further country-specific characteristics on labour market institutions and the broader demographic and macroeconomic environment for all EU-Member States.,The authors follow the design of an aggregate impact analysis, which aims to explain the impact of policy on macroeconomic variables like youth employment and unemployment (see Bellmann and Jackman, 1996). This follows the assumption that programmes, which are effective in terms of improving individual employment opportunities, are going to make a difference on the equilibrium of youth unemployment.,The findings show that both wage subsidies and job creation are reducing aggregate youth unemployment, which is in contrast to some of the surveys of microeconomic studies indicating that job creation schemes are not effective. This finding points towards the importance to assist young people making valuable work experience, which is a benefit from job creation, even if this experience is made outside regular employment and/or the commercial sector.,In terms of the variables to model public policy intervention in the youth labour market, only few indicators exist, which are consistently available for all EU-Member States, despite much more interest and research aiming to provide an exhaustive picture of the youth labour market in Europe. The only consistently available measures are spending on ALMP as a percentage of gross domestic product (in the different programmes) and participation stocks and entries by type of intervention.,The different effects found for the 15–19 year olds, who seem to benefit from wage subsidies, compared to the effect of job creations benefitting the 20–24 year olds, might relate to the different barriers for both groups to find employment. Job creation programmes seem to offer this group an alternative mechanism to gain valuable work experience outside the commercial sector, which could help form a narrative of positive labour market experience. In this way, job creation should be looked more positively at when further developing ALMP provision, especially for young people relatively more distant to engagement in regular employment.,Improving the situation of many millions of young Europeans failing to find gainful employment, and more generally suffering from deprivation and social exclusion, has been identified as a clear priority for policy both at the national level of EU-Member States and for EU-wide initiatives. With this study, the authors attempt to contribute to the debate about the effectiveness of policies which combat youth unemployment by estimating the quantitative relationship of ALMP and other institutional features and youth unemployment.,To research the relationship between youth unemployment and ALMP, the authors created a macroeconomic database with repeated observations for all EU-Member States for a time series (1998–2012). The authors include variables on country demographics and the state of the economy as well as variables describing the labour market regimes from Eurostat, i.e. the flexibility of the labour market (part-time work and fixed-term employment as a percentage of total employment) and the wage setting system (level and coordination of bargaining and government intervention in wage bargaining).

中文翻译：

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针对年轻人和青年失业的积极劳动力市场政策

本文的目的是根据青年失业，ALMP和教育政策变量的宏观经济面板数据集以及劳动力的其他特定国家特征，提供积极的劳动力市场政策（ALMP）对欧洲青年失业的影响的定量估计市场机构以及所有欧盟成员国的更广泛的人口统计和宏观经济环境。作者遵循总体影响分析的设计，旨在解释政策对宏观经济变量（如青年就业和失业）的影响（参见Bellmann和Jackman， 1996）。这是基于这样的假设，即在改善个人就业机会方面有效的计划将对青年失业的均衡产生影响。研究结果表明，工资补贴和创造就业机会都减少了青年的总体失业，这与一些微观经济学研究的调查相反，这些调查表明，创造就业计划无效。这一发现指出了协助年轻人创造有价值的工作经验的重要性，这是从创造就业中受益的，即使这种经验是在正规就业和/或商业部门之外获得的。在青年劳动力市场上，只有很少的指标可供所有欧盟成员国一贯使用，尽管人们有更多的兴趣和研究旨在详尽地了解欧洲的青年劳动力市场。唯一持续可用的衡量方法是：按干预类型将ALMP支出占国内生产总值的百分比（在不同计划中）以及参与存量和分项。对于似乎从中受益的15-19岁儿童，发现了不同的影响与创造就业机会使20-24岁的人受益相比，工资补贴可能与两组人寻找工作的障碍不同。创造就业机会的计划似乎为该群体提供了一种替代机制，以在商业领域之外获得宝贵的工作经验，这可能有助于形成积极的劳动力市场经验的叙述。这样，在进一步制定ALMP规定时，应该更加积极地看待创造就业机会，特别是对于那些距离正规就业较远的年轻人。改善数以百万计的欧洲年轻人未能找到有收益的工作，更普遍地是遭受剥夺和社会排斥的状况，已被确定为欧盟成员国国家一级政策和整个欧盟倡议的明确优先事项。 。通过这项研究，作者试图通过估计ALMP与其他制度特征和青年失业之间的定量关系，为抗击青年失业的政策的有效性做出贡献。为了研究青年失业与ALMP之间的关系，作者创建了一个宏观经济数据库，其中对一个时间序列（1998-2012）的所有欧盟成员国进行了重复观察。