At least two living varieties of Quechua (Tarma and Santiago del Estero) display productive synchronic systems in which phoneme substitutions among the set /s, ʃ, h/ in lexemes impart augmentative—diminutive sense or affectionate—deprecative connotation. Evidence is presented here to support the reconstruction of such a system to Proto-Quechuan based primarily on these two living systems and on lexical fossils that are widely distributed throughout the Quechuan language family. This reconstruction also explains the anomalously poor regularity of the reflexes of the Proto-Quechuan phonemes *s, *ʃ, *h in contrast to the remainder in the most thorough reconstruction to date, an irregularity which is otherwise thoroughly problematic. Cross-linguistic parallels in and outside of the Americas for such a system are briefly surveyed, including parallels for the reconstruction of similar systems in protolanguages (Siouan, Sahaptian) on similar evidence. Finally, some implications for the reconstructed lexicon are considered.

中文翻译：

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原始克川语中的声音象征和变奏 *∫ ~ *s ~ *h

至少有两个现存的盖丘亚语变种（Tarma 和 Santiago del Estero）显示出富有成效的共时系统，其中词位中的 /s、ʃ、h/ 组之间的音素替换赋予了增强——小意思或深情——贬义的内涵。此处提供的证据支持主要基于这两个生命系统和广泛分布于整个克川语系的词汇化石，将这种系统重建为原始克川语。这种重建也解释了原始Quechuan音素*s，*ʃ，*h的反射规律性异常差的原因，与迄今为止最彻底的重建中的其余部分相比，这种不规则性在其他方面是完全有问题的。对这种系统在美洲内外的跨语言相似之处进行了简要调查，包括基于类似证据在原始语言（Siouan，Sahaptian）中重建类似系统的相似之处。最后，考虑了对重建词典的一些影响。