Abstract This article documents the increasing use of the English curse word fuck worldwide, as well as its degree of adaption into the host language, its syntactic function, and its meaning and its strength as taboo. Comparing the use of fuck with a special focus on the Nordic countries (Norway, Denmark, and Iceland) with its use in Eurasia and Africa (with different alphabets, namely Cyrillic in Russia, Devanāgarī in India and Ge’ez script in Ethiopia), we found some similar developmental patterns, but also differences, for example to what degree the English loan word has replaced local curses and in what ways among social groups within a country. Comparing the terms used for the same concept was challenging because some countries have better text corpora and more research on written languages and especially on taboos, and those without such resources required additional minor investigations for a baseline. Findings revealed that fuck has spread worldwide from English, and it is commonly used in Nordic languages today. In Russian fuck is also adopted into the heritage language to a relatively high degree, and it has further gained importance in the vocabulary of India, where English has become the most used language by the higher and middle classes, but less so by lower classes. In contrast, the study of Amharic language in Ethiopia shows that the f-word is rarely used at all, and only by youngsters. We found a pattern starting from the outer North with Icelandic having adapted and adopted the word fuck the most, a slight decline in use in Norwegian and Danish, with less adaption and use in Russian, even less in Indian-English or Hindi, and being more or less absent in the African language Amharic. Formally though it is used conceptually both in Hindi and Amharic.

中文翻译：

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F字的全球用途和含义

摘要本文记录了英语诅咒词“ fuck”在世界范围内的日益广泛使用，及其对宿主语言的适应程度，其句法功能以及其作为忌讳的含义和优势。比较他妈的对北欧国家（挪威，丹麦和冰岛）的使用，以及对欧亚大陆和非洲的使用（使用不同的字母，例如俄罗斯的西里尔字母，印度的Devanāgarī和埃塞俄比亚的Ge'ez脚本），我们发现了一些类似的发展模式，但也存在差异，例如英语借词在多大程度上取代了当地的诅咒，以及一个国家的社会群体之间以何种方式。比较用于同一概念的术语具有挑战性，因为某些国家/地区的文本语料更好，并且对书面语言（尤其是禁忌语）的研究更多，而那些没有此类资源的人则需要进行其他较小的调查来确定基准。研究结果表明，操蛋已经从英语传播到全世界，如今已广泛用于北欧语言。在俄语中，操蛋也被作为一种相对较高的传统语言使用，并且在印度的词汇中也越来越重要。在印度，英语已成为上层和中层阶级最常用的语言，而下层阶级则较少。相反，在埃塞俄比亚对阿姆哈拉语的研究表明，f字根本很少使用，只有年轻人使用。我们发现了一种从北部北部开始的模式，其中冰岛语采用了fuck一词的使用最多，挪威语和丹麦语的使用略有减少，俄语的适应性和使用较少，印度英语或北印度语则更少，或多或少缺少非洲语言阿姆哈拉语。尽管从概念上来说，它在印地语和阿姆哈拉语中都被正式使用。