Abstract Dominant accounts of “speaker meaning” in post-Gricean contextualist pragmatics tend to focus on single utterances, making the theoretical assumption that the object of pragmatic analysis is restricted to cases where speakers and hearers agree on utterance meanings, leaving instances of misunderstandings out of their scope. However, we know that divergences in understandings between interlocutors do often arise, and that when they do, speakers can engage in a local process of meaning negotiation. In this paper, we take insights from interactional pragmatics to offer an empirically informed view on speaker meaning that incorporates both speakers’ and hearers’ perspectives, alongside a formalization of how to model speaker meanings in such a way that we can account for both understandings – the canonical cases – and misunderstandings, but critically, also the process of interactionally negotiating meanings between interlocutors. We highlight that utterance-level theories of meaning provide only a partial representation of speaker meaning as it is understood in interaction, and show that inferences about a given utterance at any given time are formally connected to prior and future inferences of participants. Our proposed model thus provides a more fine-grained account of how speakers converge on speaker meanings in real time, showing how such meanings are often subject to a joint endeavor of complex inferential work.

中文翻译：

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说话人意义的互动成就：对会话推理的正式解释

摘要后古希腊语境语用学中对“说话人含义”的占主导地位的倾向倾向于集中在单一话语上，从而提出了一种理论假设，即语用分析的对象仅限于说话人和听众同意话语含义的情况，从而避免了误解的发生。他们的范围。但是，我们知道对话者之间的理解确实经常会出现分歧，并且当他们对话时，说话者可以参与当地的意义协商过程。在本文中，我们将从互动语用学中获取见解，以期提供一种基于经验的，对说话人意义的见解，其中既包含了说话人和听众的观点，也包括了对说话人意义进行建模的形式化方法，以便我们可以解释两种理解–典型案例以及误解，但至关重要的是，对话者之间的意义协商互动过程也是如此。我们着重指出，话语水平的意义理论仅提供了说话人意义的部分表示，这是在互动中可以理解的，并且表明在任何给定时间对给定话语的推论与参与者的先前和将来推论正式相关。因此，我们提出的模型提供了关于说话人如何实时地集中在说话人含义上的更细粒度的说明，显示了这些含义通常如何经受复杂的推理工作的共同努力。并显示在任何给定时间对给定话语的推论与参与者的先前和将来推论正式相关。因此，我们提出的模型提供了关于说话人如何实时地集中在说话人含义上的更细粒度的说明，显示了这些含义通常如何经受复杂的推理工作的共同努力。并显示在任何给定时间对给定话语的推论与参与者的先前和将来推论正式相关。因此，我们提出的模型提供了关于说话人如何实时地集中在说话人含义上的更细粒度的说明，显示了这些含义通常如何经受复杂的推理工作的共同努力。