This study proposes NSM semantic explications for a cross-section of the English verbal lexicon of ‘doing and happening’. The twenty-five verbs are drawn from about a dozen verb classes, including verbs for non-typical locomotion ( crawl , swim , fly ), other intransitive activities ( play , sing ), manipulation ( hold ), activities that affect material integrity ( cut , grind , dig ), creation/production ( make , build , carve ), actions that affect people or things ( hit , kick , kill ) or cause a change of location ( pick up , put , throw , push ), bodily reactions to feelings ( laugh , cry ), displacement ( fall , sink ) and weather phenomena ( rain , snow ). Though the verbs explicated are specifically English verbs, they have been chosen with an eye to their relevance to lexical typology and cross-linguistic semantics (many are drawn from the Verb Meanings List of the Leipzig Valency Patterns project) and it is hoped that the analytical strategy and methodology exemplified in this study can be a useful model for research into other languages. The study demonstrates the application of the NSM concept of semantic templates, which provide a clear “skeletal” structure for explications of considerable internal complexity and which help account for shared semantic and grammatical properties of verbs of a given subclass.

中文翻译：

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解释“做和发生”的英语词典

本研究为英语语言词汇“做和发生”的横截面提出了 NSM 语义解释。这二十五个动词来自十几个动词类别，包括用于非典型运动的动词（爬行、游泳、飞行）、其他不及物动词（玩耍、唱歌）、操纵（保持）、影响材料完整性的活动（剪切） 、研磨、挖掘）、创造/生产（制造、建造、雕刻）、影响人或事物的动作（击打、踢腿、杀死）或导致位置改变（拿起、放置、扔、推）、身体反应感觉（笑、哭）、位移（坠落、下沉）和天气现象（雨、雪）。虽然所解释的动词是专门的英语动词，选择它们时考虑到它们与词汇类型学和跨语言语义的相关性（许多来自莱比锡价模式项目的动词含义列表），希望本研究中举例说明的分析策略和方法能够研究其他语言的有用模型。该研究展示了语义模板的 NSM 概念的应用，它为解释相当大的内部复杂性提供了清晰的“骨架”结构，并有助于解释给定子类动词的共享语义和语法属性。