Markets, especially land markets, can facilitate climate change adaptation through price signals. A review of research reveals that urban, coastal, and agricultural land markets provide effective signals of the emerging costs of climate change. These signals encourage adjustments by both private owners and policy officials in taking preemptive action to reduce costs. In agriculture, they promote consideration of new cropping and tillage practices, seed types, timing, and location of production. They also stimulate use of new irrigation technologies. In urban areas, they motivate new housing construction, elevation, and location away from harm. They channel more efficient use of water and its application to parks and other green areas to make urban settings more desirable with higher temperatures. Related water markets play a similar role in adjusting water use and reallocation. To be effective, however, markets must reflect multiple traders and prices must be free to adjust. Where these conditions are not met, market signals will be inhibited and market-driven adaptation will be reduced. Because public policy is driven by constituent demands, it may not be a remedy. The evidence of the National Flood Insurance Program and federal wildfire response illustrates how politically difficult it may be to adjust programs to be more adaptive.

中文翻译：

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市场在适应气候变化中的关键作用

市场，尤其是土地市场，可以通过价格信号促进气候变化适应。一项研究回顾表明，城市，沿海和农业用地市场提供了有关气候变化新成本的有效信号。这些信号鼓励私人所有者和政策官员在采取先发制人的行动以降低成本方面进行调整。在农业中，它们促进了对新的耕作和耕作方式，种子类型，时机和生产地点的考虑。它们还刺激了新灌溉技术的使用。在城市地区，它们促使新的房屋建设，标高和位置远离伤害。他们引导更有效地利用水及其在公园和其他绿色区域的应用，以使城市环境在较高温度下更加理想。相关的水市场在调整用水和重新分配方面起着类似的作用。但是，要有效，市场必须反映多个交易者，价格必须可以自由调整。如果不满足这些条件，则市场信号将受到抑制，市场驱动的适应性将降低。因为公共政策是由构成要件驱动的，所以它可能不是补救措施。国家洪水保险计划和联邦野火反应的证据表明，调整计划以适应性更强在政治上是多么困难。这可能不是一种补救措施。国家洪水保险计划和联邦野火反应的证据表明，调整计划以适应性更强在政治上是多么困难。这可能不是一种补救措施。国家洪水保险计划和联邦野火反应的证据表明，调整计划以适应性更强在政治上是多么困难。