With the aim of obtaining adsorbent systems to be used for the removal of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) from wastewater, some hybrid ionic liquid gels (HILGs) were obtained from the combination of ionic liquid-based supramolecular gels and carbon materials, like graphite, graphene and graphene oxide (graphene OX). The properties of HILGs were investigated by determining their gel–sol transition temperature and rheological features. They were tested for the removal of PhACs belonging to different pharmaceutical classes, like antibiotics, antidepressants, anti-inflammatory. In particular, the removal of carbamazepine (CBZ), diclofenac sodium salt (DCF), ciprofloxacin (CPX) and nalidixic acid (NXA) alone or in combination was performed. Adsorption tests were carried out with the aim of identifying how different operational parameters, like the time of contact, the PhAC concentration, the volume of treated wastewater and the use under dynamic or static conditions, affect the removal efficiency of the soft materials investigated. Furthermore, the possibility to recycle and restore the sorbent systems for further reuse was also considered. Finally, the most efficient system was also tested in real apparatuses, like a dialysis membrane and columns. HILGs proved to be promising soft materials for addressing the target issue, revealing easy to handle sorbent systems with broad applicability in the field of environmental remediation.

中文翻译：

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碳基离子液体凝胶：废水中药物活性化合物的替代吸附剂

为了获得用于从废水中去除药物活性化合物（PhAC）的吸附剂系统，一些混合离子液体凝胶（HILG）是从离子液体基超分子凝胶和碳材料（例如石墨），石墨烯和氧化石墨烯（石墨烯OX）。通过确定它们的凝胶-溶胶转变温度和流变学特性来研究其特性。对它们进行了测试以去除属于不同药物类别的PhAC，例如抗生素，抗抑郁药，抗炎药。特别是，单独或组合去除了卡马西平（CBZ），双氯芬酸钠盐（DCF），环丙沙星（CPX）和萘啶酸（NXA）。进行吸附测试的目的是确定不同的操作参数，如接触时间，PhAC浓度，处理后的废水量以及在动态或静态条件下的使用，都会影响所研究的软材料的去除效率。此外，还考虑了再循环和恢复吸附剂系统以进一步重复使用的可能性。最后，最有效的系统也在实际设备中进行了测试，例如透析膜和色谱柱。HILGs被证明是解决目标问题的有前途的柔软材料，它揭示了易于处理的吸附剂系统，在环境修复领域具有广泛的适用性。还考虑了回收和恢复吸附剂系统以进一步重复使用的可能性。最后，最有效的系统也在实际设备中进行了测试，例如透析膜和色谱柱。HILGs被证明是解决目标问题的有前途的柔软材料，它揭示了易于处理的吸附剂系统，在环境修复领域具有广泛的适用性。还考虑了回收和恢复吸附剂系统以进一步重复使用的可能性。最后，最有效的系统也在实际设备中进行了测试，例如透析膜和色谱柱。HILGs被证明是解决目标问题的有前途的柔软材料，它揭示了易于处理的吸附剂系统，在环境修复领域具有广泛的适用性。