Black phosphorus (BP) has extensive applications in various fields. The release of BP into aquatic ecosystems and the potential toxic effects on aquatic organisms are becoming major concerns. Here, we investigated the developmental toxicity of few-layered BP toward the zebrafish. We found that BP could adsorb on the surface of the chorion and could subsequently penetrate within the embryo. After exposure of embryos to 10 mg/L BP, developmental malformations appeared at 96 hpf, especially heart deformities such as pericardial edema and bradycardia, accompanied by severe circulatory system failure. Using transgenic zebrafish larvae, we further characterized cardiovascular defects with cardiac enlargement and impaired cardiac vessels as indicators of damage to the cardiovascular system upon BP exposure. We performed transcriptomic analysis on zebrafish embryos treated with a lower concentration of 2 mg/L. The results showed disruption in genes associated with muscle development, oxygen involved processes, focal adhesion, and VEGF and MAPK signaling pathways. These alterations also indicated that BP carries a risk of developmental perturbation at lower concentrations. This study provides new insights into the effects of BP on aquatic organisms.

中文翻译：

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少量黑色磷对斑马鱼的发育毒性

黑磷（BP）在各个领域都有广泛的应用。BP向水生生态系统的释放以及对水生生物的潜在毒性作用正成为人们关注的主要问题。在这里，我们调查了几层BP对斑马鱼的发育毒性。我们发现BP可以吸附在绒毛膜的表面，然后可以渗透到胚胎内。将胚胎暴露于10 mg / L BP后，在96 hpf出现发育畸形，尤其是心脏畸形，如心包水肿和心动过缓，并伴有严重的循环系统衰竭。使用转基因的斑马鱼幼虫，我们进一步表征了心脏扩大和心血管受损的心血管缺陷，作为暴露于BP后对心血管系统损害的指标。我们对用2 mg / L较低浓度处理的斑马鱼胚胎进行了转录组学分析。结果显示与肌肉发育，氧气参与的过程，粘着斑以及VEGF和MAPK信号通路相关的基因被破坏。这些变化还表明，在较低的浓度下，BP会有发展扰动的危险。这项研究为BP对水生生物的影响提供了新的见解。