The osteochondral tissue is an interface between articular cartilage and bone. The diverse composition, mechanical properties, and cell phenotype in these two tissues pose a big challenge for the reconstruction of the defected interface. Due to the availability and inherent regenerative therapeutic properties, stem cells provide tremendous promise to repair osteochondral defect. This review is aimed at highlighting recent progress in utilizing bioengineering approaches to improve stem cell therapies for osteochondral diseases, which include microgel encapsulation, adhesive bioinks, and bioprinting to control the administration and distribution. We will also explore utilizing synthetic biology tools to control the differentiation fate and deliver therapeutic biomolecules to modulate the immune response. Finally, future directions and opportunities in the development of more potent and predictable stem cell therapies for osteochondral repair are discussed.

中文翻译：

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生物工程学方法，以加速治疗骨软骨病的干细胞疗法的临床翻译

骨软骨组织是关节软骨与骨骼之间的界面。这两个组织中的不同组成，力学性能和细胞表型对缺陷界面的重建提出了巨大挑战。由于可用性和固有的再生治疗特性，干细胞为修复骨软骨缺损提供了广阔的前景。这篇综述旨在突出利用生物工程方法改善骨软骨疾病干细胞疗法的最新进展，其中包括微凝胶封装，粘性生物墨水和生物印刷以控制给药和分布。我们还将探索利用合成生物学工具来控制分化命运并提供治疗性生物分子来调节免疫反应。最后，