Staphylococcus lugdunensis is a species of coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CoNS) that causes serious infections in humans akin to those of S. aureus. It was often misidentified as S. aureus, but this has been rectified by recent routine use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in diagnostic laboratories. It encodes a diverse array of virulence factors for adhesion, cytotoxicity, and innate immune evasion, but these are less diverse than those encoded by S. aureus. It expresses an iron-regulated surface determinant (Isd) system combined with a novel energy-coupling factor (ECF) mechanism for extracting heme from hemoproteins. Small cytolytic S. lugdunensis synergistic hemolysins (SLUSH), peptides related to phenol-soluble modulins of S. aureus, act synergistically with β-toxin to lyse erythrocytes. S. lugdunensis expresses a novel peptide antibiotic, lugdunin, that can influence the nasal and skin microbiota. Endovascular infections are initiated by bacterial adherence to fibrinogen promoted by a homologue of Staphylococcus aureus clumping factor A and to von Willebrand factor on damaged endothelium by an uncharacterized mechanism. S. lugdunensis survives within mature phagolysosomes of macrophages without growing and is released only following apoptosis. This differs fundamentally from S. aureus, which actively grows and expresses bicomponent leukotoxins that cause membrane damage and could contribute to survival in the infected host. S. lugdunensis is being investigated as a probiotic to eradicate S. aureus from the nares of carriers. However, this is contraindicated by its innate virulence. Studies to obtain a deeper understanding of S. lugdunensis colonization, virulence, and microbiome interactions are therefore warranted.

中文翻译：

---

路敦葡萄球菌：具有侵袭性致病潜力的皮肤共生菌

路敦葡萄球菌是一种凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌 (CoNS)，可导致人类严重感染，类似于金黄色葡萄球菌。它经常被误认为是金黄色葡萄球菌，但最近在诊断实验室中常规使用基质辅助激光解吸电离 - 飞行时间质谱 (MALDI-TOF MS) 已纠正了这一点。它编码多种毒力因子，用于粘附、细胞毒性和先天免疫逃避，但这些毒力因子的多样性不如金黄色葡萄球菌编码的毒力因子。它表达了一种铁调节的表面决定簇 (Isd) 系统，结合了一种新的能量耦合因子 (ECF) 机制，用于从血红素蛋白中提取血红素。小细胞溶解性路敦链球菌协同溶血素 (SLUSH)，与金黄色葡萄球菌的酚溶性调节蛋白相关的肽，与 β-毒素协同作用以溶解红细胞。S. lugdunensis表达一种新型肽抗生素 lugdunin，可影响鼻腔和皮肤微生物群。血管内感染是由细菌粘附到纤维蛋白原引起的，纤维蛋白原由金黄色葡萄球菌结块因子 A的同系物促进，并通过未表征的机制粘附在受损内皮上的血管性血友病因子。S. lugdunensis在巨噬细胞的成熟吞噬溶酶体中存活而不生长，仅在细胞凋亡后释放。这与金黄色葡萄球菌有根本区别，它积极生长并表达双组分白细胞毒素，这些毒素会导致膜损伤并有助于在受感染的宿主中存活。正在研究S. lugdunensis作为益生菌从携带者的鼻孔中根除金黄色葡萄球菌。然而，这是由于其先天的毒力而被禁止的。因此，有必要进行研究以更深入地了解S. lugdunensis 的定植、毒力和微生物组相互作用。