The first and last mile (FLM) problem, namely the poor connection between trip origins or destination and public transport stations, is a significant obstacle to sustainable transportation as it is likely to encourage the use of cars for FLM travel, if not for the entire trip. This study examines the role of modality style and built environment in FLM mode choice behaviour, in order to identify the key features that might invoke a travel mode shift from cars to more sustainable travel options for both mandatory and discretionary trips. More specifically, this study draws on disaggregate data from the South East Queensland household travel survey and presents a latent class choice model to unravel modality style groups. Results reveal two distinct individual-level modality style groups: (1) driving and walking oriented; (2) multimodal travellers. Individuals in the second modality style group were found to be relatively inelastic to FLM travel time for mandatory trips, while individuals in the first group were largely unaffected by built environment characteristics and highly habitual in their mode choice behaviour for both mandatory and discretionary trips. Home residence environments with high road intersection density and public transport accessibility, and home residence environments with diverse land use mix, respectively encourage individuals within the second modality style to walk for mandatory trips, and discretionary trips. To this end, when place-based policies seek to change certain built environment features, individuals in the second modality style are more likely to shift their preference from cars to more sustainable modes. Finally, our findings have practical planning implications in targeting mode shift through highlighting the importance of considering the intersection of individual modality style in a given locale and mode choice behaviour. More specifically, our findings advocate for place-based policies that seek to target particular locales with the certain modality style deemed to be more predisposed to adopting a mode shift.

第一英里和最后一英里（FLM）问题，即旅行始发地或目的地与公共交通站点之间的连接不良，是可持续交通的重大障碍，因为它可能会鼓励甚至在整个旅程中都不鼓励使用汽车旅行。这项研究研究了模式风格和建筑环境在FLM模式选择行为中的作用，以识别可能导致强制性和自由性出行从汽车模式向更可持续的出行模式转变的关键特征。更具体地说，本研究利用了来自昆士兰州东南部家庭旅行调查的分类数据，并提出了一种潜在的阶级选择模型来揭示情态风格群体。结果揭示了两个截然不同的个人水平形态风格组：（1）面向驾驶和步行；（2）多式联运旅客。发现第二种方式类型的人对强制性旅行的FLM出行时间相对缺乏弹性，而第一类中的人在很大程度上不受建筑环境特征的影响，并且在强制性和自由性旅行中其模式选择行为非常习惯。高道路交叉口密度和公共交通可达性的居家环境，以及土地使用结构多种多样的居家环境，分别鼓励第二种方式类型的人们步行进行强制性出行和随意性出行。为此，当基于地点的政策试图改变某些建筑环境特征时，具有第二种方式的个人更有可能将其偏好从汽车转向更可持续的方式。最后，我们的研究结果通过强调在给定的场所和模式选择行为中考虑个体模态风格的交集的重要性，对确定模式转变具有实际的计划意义。更具体地说，我们的发现主张基于位置的策略，该策略旨在以特定的方式样式针对特定的地区，这些方式被认为更倾向于采用模式转换。