Recently, the entrepreneurial potential of refugees has received growing attention from scholars and policymakers. However, the literature on refugee entrepreneurship suffers from the fragmentation of previous research findings, which has been mainly attributed to the fact that refugees have heterogeneous backgrounds. Tackling this challenge, this study conceptualized the framework for the multiple embeddedness of refugee entrepreneurs by applying and extending the concept of mixed embeddedness. Based on 50 semi-structured interviews with refugee entrepreneurs who relocated to Germany, France, and Ireland, we identified six patterns in which refugees’ multiple embeddedness and their actions as entrepreneurial agencies interacted to develop entrepreneurial opportunities: (i) value creation with homeland resources, (ii) acting as transnational middleman minorities, (iii) integration facilitation, (iv) qualification transfers, (v) homeland-problem solving, and (vi) creative innovation. This study contributes to the literature on refugee entrepreneurship by considering multiple contexts in which refugees can be embedded in and by elaborating on the interactions between opportunity structure emerging within the multiple embeddedness, actions, and capabilities of refugees as entrepreneurial agencies.

最近，难民的创业潜力受到学者和政策制定者的越来越多的关注。但是，有关难民企业家精神的文献遭受了以前研究成果的支离破碎的影响，这主要归因于难民具有不同背景的事实。为应对这一挑战，本研究通过应用和扩展混合嵌入的概念，概念化了难民企业家的多重嵌入的框架。根据对迁移到德国，法国和爱尔兰的难民企业家的50次半结构化访谈，我们确定了六种模式，在这些模式中，难民的多重包容性以及他们在企业家代理机构的互动中相互作用以开发企业家机会：（i）利用国土资源创造价值，（ii）充当跨国中间人少数群体，（iii）促进融合，（iv）资格转移，（v）解决国土问题，以及（vi）创新。这项研究通过考虑可将难民嵌入其中的多种环境，并详细阐述了在难民作为企业家的多种嵌入，行动和能力中出现的机会结构之间的相互作用，从而为有关难民企业家精神的文献做出了贡献。