Objective

The study addresses the impact of time pressure on human interactions with automated decision support systems (DSSs) and related performance consequences.

Background

When humans interact with DSSs, this often results in worse performance than could be expected from the automation alone. Previous research has suggested that time pressure might make a difference by leading humans to rely more on a DSS.

Method

In two laboratory experiments, participants performed a luggage screening task either manually, supported by a highly reliable DSS, or by a low reliable DSS. Time provided for inspecting the X-rays was 4.5 s versus 9 s varied within-subjects as the time pressure manipulation. Participants in the automation conditions were either shown the automation’s advice prior (Experiment 1) or following (Experiment 2) their own inspection, before they made their final decision.

Results

In Experiment 1, time pressure compromised performance independent of whether the task was performed manually or with automation support. In Experiment 2, the negative impact of time pressure was only found in the manual but not in the two automation conditions. However, neither experiment revealed any positive impact of time pressure on overall performance, and the joint performance of human and automation was mostly worse than the performance of the automation alone.

Conclusion

Time pressure compromises the quality of decision-making. Providing a DSS can reduce this effect, but only if the automation’s advice follows the assessment of the human.

Application

The study provides suggestions for the effective implementation of DSSs in addition to supporting concerns that highly reliable DSSs are not used optimally by human operators.

中文翻译：

---

自动决策辅助对人类绩效的影响：时间压力的影响

客观的

该研究解决了时间压力对人类与自动决策支持系统 (DSS) 交互的影响以及相关的性能后果。

背景

当人类与 DSS 交互时，这通常会导致性能比仅自动化所预期的要差。先前的研究表明，时间压力可能会导致人类更多地依赖 DSS，从而产生影响。

方法

在两个实验室实验中，参与者在高度可靠的 DSS 或低可靠 DSS 的支持下手动执行行李检查任务。为检查 X 射线提供的时间为 4.5 秒，而 9 秒因时间压力操作而在受试者内部变化。在他们做出最终决定之前，自动化条件下的参与者或者在他们自己的检查之前（实验 1）或之后（实验 2）显示了自动化的建议。

结果

在实验 1 中，时间压力会影响性能，无论任务是手动执行还是在自动化支持下执行。在实验2中，时间压力的负面影响仅在手动中发现，而在两种自动化条件下均未发现。然而，这两项实验都没有显示出时间压力对整体绩效的任何积极影响，而且人类和自动化的联合绩效大多比单独的自动化绩效差。

结论

时间压力会影响决策的质量。提供 DSS 可以减少这种影响，但前提是自动化的建议遵循人类的评估。

应用

该研究为有效实施 DSS 提供了建议，此外还支持人们担心高度可靠的 DSS 未被人类操作员最佳使用。