We investigated the psychological toll of exposure to rocket attacks as experienced by residents of central and southern Israel during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict. Participants completed an online survey assessing their life-threatening experiences, the availability of psychosocial resources, and symptoms of both PTSD (PCL-5) and nonspecific psychological distress (K6) 2–3 months posttrauma. Guided by the conservation of resources theory, we focused on the distress-protective functions of person- and community-oriented resources: mastery, perceived social support, and sense of community. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that elevated exposure to rocket attacks predicted higher levels of PTSD but not psychological distress. All 13 predictors (i.e., sociodemographic factors, trauma exposure, personal and community resources) and three interactions between rocket attack–related trauma exposure and each of the resources accounted for a significant amount of the variance in PTSD, R² = .251, adjusted R² = .235, and nonspecific psychological distress, R² = .280, adjusted R² = .264. Predictably, higher levels of mastery and perceived social support were associated with lower PCL-5 and K6 scores. Unexpectedly, respondents who reported a higher sense of community exhibited more PTSD symptoms. Supplementary analyses indicated that among individuals with lower levels of mastery, sense of community was related to higher PCL-5 scores. Psychosocial resources are important for coping with community-wide stressors, but their roles are complex. Maintaining a sense of community among individuals who experience shared trauma is undoubtedly critical, yet potential downsides of collective coping among those with lower levels of mastery should be recognized and further investigated.

中文翻译：

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在长期遭受火箭弹袭击的以色列人中，掌握、社会支持和社区意识是抵御心理困扰的保护资源

我们调查了 2014 年以色列 - 加沙冲突期间以色列中部和南部居民遭受火箭袭击的心理损失。参与者完成了一项在线调查，评估他们在创伤后 2-3 个月的危及生命的经历、社会心理资源的可用性以及 PTSD (PCL-5) 和非特异性心理困扰 (K6) 的症状。在资源节约理论的指导下，我们关注以个人和社区为导向的资源的灾难保护功能：掌握、感知社会支持和社区意识。分层回归分析显示，火箭袭击的暴露程度越高，PTSD 的水平越高，但不会预测心理困扰。所有 13 个预测因子（即社会人口因素、创伤暴露、R ² = .251，调整后的R ² = .235，以及非特异性心理困扰，R ² = .280，调整后的R ² =.264。可以预见，较高水平的掌握和感知到的社会支持与较低的 PCL-5 和 K6 分数相关。出乎意料的是，报告较高社区意识的受访者表现出更多的 PTSD 症状。补充分析表明，在掌握程度较低的个体中，社区意识与较高的 PCL-5 分数有关。社会心理资源对于应对社区范围内的压力很重要，但它们的作用很复杂。在经历过共同创伤的个人之间保持社区意识无疑是至关重要的，但应该认识到并进一步调查那些掌握程度较低的人集体应对的潜在缺点。