Learners must develop the ability to vary language according to linguistic and situational factors to produce context-appropriate utterances. Likewise, interpreting the additional meaning conveyed through language variation is essential for successful communication. Nevertheless, research on the interpretation of the variable copulas in Spanish is scarce and we do not know how individual lexical items and patterns of co-occurrence of adjectives with particular copulas influence interpretation. Addressing this void, we compare interpretation of the copulas by native speakers and highly advanced, advanced, and intermediate learners. Participants completed an interpretation task containing the copulas paired with one of nine adjectives, categorized as typically co-occurring with ser, estar, or both copulas. The current study contributes to the body of work on communicative competence and advanced L2 proficiency by exploring the development of interpretative abilities of English-speaking learners of Spanish and the extent to which interpretation differs across adjective classes and individual adjectives.

中文翻译：

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社会语言能力和用第二语言解释可变结构

学习者必须培养根据语言和情境因素改变语言的能力，以产生适合上下文的话语。同样，解释通过语言变化传达的额外含义对于成功的交流至关重要。然而，关于西班牙语中变量系词解释的研究很少，我们不知道个别词汇项目和形容词与特定系词共现的模式如何影响解释。针对这一空白，我们比较了母语人士和高级、高级和中级学习者对 copula 的解释。参与者完成了一项解释任务，其中包含与九个形容词之一配对的系词，被归类为通常与SER,星辰, 或两个 copula。目前的研究通过探索西班牙语学习者的解释能力的发展以及形容词类和个别形容词之间的解释差异程度，为有关交际能力和高级 L2 熟练度的工作做出了贡献。