This paper explores the development and operation of law and policy concerning the charging of overseas visitors for healthcare in England from the beginnings of the NHS to the present day. It highlights how this has been a highly contentious issue for decades, often linked with immigration policy, and is an area that still lacks comprehensive reliable empirical data to inform the debate. It explores and analyses the recent reforms to the NHS Overseas Charging Regulations introduced in 2015 and 2017. It demonstrates the problems in implementing the most recent regulations in an era of the ‘hostile environment’ and argues that the approach which has been taken can be seen as undermining the covenant of trust between patient and clinician and thus the fundamental principles of the NHS.

中文翻译：

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从 Bevan 到 Windrush 等，向 NHS 治疗的“海外游客”收费

本文探讨了从 NHS 成立到现在，英国有关向海外游客收取医疗保健费用的法律和政策的发展和实施情况。它强调了几十年来这一直是一个备受争议的问题，通常与移民政策有关，并且是一个仍然缺乏全面可靠的经验数据来为辩论提供信息的领域。它探讨和分析了 2015 年和 2017 年引入的 NHS 海外收费条例的最新改革。它展示了在“恶劣环境”时代实施最新条例的问题，并认为已经采取的方法可以看到破坏了患者和临床医生之间的信任契约，从而破坏了 NHS 的基本原则。