Germanic preterite morphology has been the subject of a bewildering number of studies, looking especially at the competition between the so-called strong inflection (operating with ablaut), and the so-called weak inflection (operating with suffixation). In this study over 250,000 observations from twelve centuries of Dutch were analyzed in a generalized linear mixed-effect model gauging the effects of a multitude of language-internal factors, ranging from various frequency measures to various form-related factors and how they interact with each other. This study confirms the well-known effects of token and type frequency, finding that formal similarities can be both a driving and conservative force in language change and demonstrates that not all members (i.e., preterites and past participles) of a verb paradigm change at the same time, which is both an effect of their frequency and their formal coherence within the paradigm.

中文翻译：

---

基于语料库的十二世纪荷兰语过去分词和过去分词形态的定量分析

日耳曼超前体形态一直是令人眼花缭乱的研究主题，特别是在所谓的强屈折（用变音操作）和所谓的弱屈折（用后缀操作）之间的竞争。在这项研究中，来自 12 个世纪荷兰人的超过 250,000 个观察结果在广义线性混合效应模型中进行了分析，该模型衡量了多种语言内部因素的影响，范围从各种频率测量到各种与形式相关的因素以及它们如何与每个因素相互作用其他。本研究证实了标记和类型频率的众所周知的影响，发现形式相似性既可以是语言变化的驱动力，也可以是保守力，并证明并非动词范式的所有成员（即过去分词和过去分词）在同时，