The study of iconic properties of language has been marginalized in linguistics, with the assumption that iconicity, linked with expressivity, is external to the grammar. Yet iconicity plays an essential role in sociolinguistic variation. At a basic level, repetition and phonetic intensification can intensify the indexicality of variables. Iconicity plays a further role in variation in the form of sound symbolism, linking properties of sounds with attributes or objects. Production studies have shown some phonological variables exhibiting sound symbolism, particularly in the expression of affect. In some cases, the observation of sound symbolism has been largely interpretive. But in others, stylistic variability as a function of speaker affect has provided empirical evidence of iconicity. This article examines the role of iconicity and performativity in transcending the limits of reference, reviews iconicity in production studies, and provides experimental evidence that sound symbolism influences how listeners attribute affect to linguistic variation. (Variation, iconicity, affect)

中文翻译：

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音韵变异的影响和象似性

在语言学中，对语言的象形特性的研究一直被边缘化，假设与表达性相关的象象性是语法之外的。然而，象似性在社会语言学变异中起着至关重要的作用。在基本层面上，重复和语音强化可以强化变量的索引性。标志性在声音象征形式的变化中发挥着进一步的作用，将声音的属性与属性或对象联系起来。生产研究表明，一些语音变量表现出良好的象征意义，特别是在情感表达方面。在某些情况下，对声音象征意义的观察在很大程度上是解释性的。但在其他情况下，作为说话者情感函数的文体可变性提供了象似性的经验证据。本文考察了象似性和表演性在超越参考限制中的作用，回顾了生产研究中的象似性，并提供了实验证据，证明声音象征主义会影响听众对语言变化的归因影响。（变化，象似性，影响）