Tongan (lea fakatonga, ISO 639-3 code ton) is a Polynesian language spoken mainly in Tonga, where it is one of two official languages (with English). There are about 104,000 speakers of the language in Tonga, with nearly 80,000 additional speakers elsewhere (Simons & Fennig 2017). It is most closely related to Niuean, and more distantly related to West Polynesian languages (such as Tokelauan and Samoan) and East Polynesian languages (such as Hawaiian, Māori, and Tahitian). Previous work on the phonetics and phonology of Tongan includes a general grammar (Churchward 1953), a dissertation with a grammatical overview (Taumoefolau 1998), a phonological sketch of the language (Feldman 1978), two dictionaries (Churchward 1959, Tu‘inukuafe 1992), journal and working papers on stress (Taumoefolau 2002, Garellek & White 2015), intonation (Kuo & Vicenik 2012), as well as the ‘definitive accent’ (discussed below) and the phonological status of identical vowel sequences (Poser 1985; Condax 1989; Schütz 2001; Anderson & Otsuka 2003, 2006; Garellek & White 2010; Ahn 2016; Zuraw 2018). This illustration is meant to provide an overview of the phonetic structures of the language, and includes novel acoustic data on its three-way word-initial laryngeal contrasts, which are cross-linguistically rare. The recordings accompanying this illustration come from Veiongo Hehepoto, a native speaker of Tongan currently living in Melbourne, Australia. Ms. Veiongo was born in 1950 on the island of Vava‘u (northern Tonga), but grew up and was educated in the capital city Nuku‘alofa on Tongatapu (see Figure 1). She moved to Vanuatu when she was 16 years old, and when she was 21 moved to Australia where she trained as a nurse. She continues to speak Tongan every day with family members (including children, who were born in Australia) and friends.

中文翻译：

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同安

同安 (法卡汤加, ISO 639-3 代码 ton) 是主要在汤加使用的波利尼西亚语，它是汤加的两种官方语言之一（有英语）。汤加约有 104,000 名说这种语言的人，其他地方还有近 80,000 名说这种语言的人（Simons & Fennig 2017）。它与纽埃语关系最密切，与西波利尼西亚语（如托克劳语和萨摩亚语）和东波利尼西亚语（如夏威夷语、毛利语和大溪地语）的关系较远。以前关于汤加语语音和音系的工作包括一般语法（Churchward 1953）、带有语法概述的论文（Taumoefolau 1998）、语言的语音草图（Feldman 1978）、两本词典（Churchward 1959、Tu'inukuafe 1992 )、关于重音的期刊和工作论文 (Taumoefolau 2002, Garellek & White 2015)、语调 (Kuo & Vicenik 2012)、以及“定重音”（下文讨论）和相同元音序列的语音状态（Poser 1985; Condax 1989; Schütz 2001; Anderson & Otsuka 2003, 2006; Garellek & White 2010; Ahn 2016; Zuraw 2018）。此插图旨在提供该语言的语音结构的概述，并包含有关其三向词首喉部对比的新颖声学数据，这在跨语言方面是罕见的。此插图随附的录音来自 Veiongo Hehepoto，他是一位母语为汤加语的人，目前居住在澳大利亚墨尔本。Veiongo 女士于 1950 年出生在瓦瓦乌岛（汤加北部），但在汤加塔布的首都努库阿洛法长大并接受教育（见图 1）。她16岁时移居瓦努阿图，当她 21 岁时移居澳大利亚，在那里她接受了护士培训。她继续每天与家人（包括在澳大利亚出生的孩子）和朋友说汤加语。