Using the panel data of 89 economies from 1995–2012, this study examines the major drivers of agricultural emissions while considering affluence, energy intensity, agriculture value added and economic integration. We find long-run cointegration among the variables. Furthermore, our empirical results based on a dynamic fixed effects autoregressive distributed lag model show that the increases in income and economic integration – proxied by trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) – are the major contributors to higher greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture in the short run. Additionally, the increases in income, agriculture value added and energy consumption are the major drivers of agricultural emissions in the long run. Notably, trade openness and FDI inflows have significantly negative effects on GHG emissions from agriculture in the long run. These results apply to methane and nitrous oxide emissions. The empirical findings vary across three subsamples of countries at different development stages.

中文翻译：

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农业排放的决定因素：来自全球样本的面板数据证据

本研究使用 1995-2012 年 89 个经济体的面板数据，考察了农业排放的主要驱动因素，同时考虑了富裕程度、能源强度、农业附加值和经济一体化。我们发现变量之间存在长期协整。此外，我们基于动态固定效应自回归分布滞后模型的实证结果表明，以贸易和外国直接投资 (FDI) 为代表的收入和经济一体化的增加是农业温室气体 (GHG) 排放量增加的主要原因从短期看。此外，从长远来看，收入、农业增加值和能源消耗的增加是农业排放的主要驱动力。尤其，从长远来看，贸易开放和 FDI 流入对农业温室气体排放具有显着的负面影响。这些结果适用于甲烷和一氧化二氮的排放。实证结果在不同发展阶段的国家的三个子样本中有所不同。