In two experiments, we examined the hypothesis that bilingual speakers modulate their cognitive control settings dynamically in the presence of different interlocutors, and this can be captured through performance on a non-linguistic attention task. We introduced Malayalam–English bilinguals to interlocutors with varying L2 dominance through a pre-experiment familiarisation and interaction phase. Later, participants did the Flanker task while the interlocutors appeared before each trial. While in experiment one participants did the Flanker task with equal distribution of trials, in experiment two we manipulated the monitoring demands by changing the frequency of trials. Results showed that high-L2 proficient bilinguals had lower conflict effect on the Flanker task in the presence of balanced interlocutors in both the experiments. The results provide strong evidence of dynamic adaptation of control settings in bilinguals with regard to different passively present interlocutors. The results further extend the predictions of the adaptive control hypothesis with novel manipulation.

中文翻译：

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对环境的敏感性调节执行控制：来自马拉雅拉姆语-英语双语者的证据

在两个实验中，我们检验了双语说话者在存在不同对话者的情况下动态调节他们的认知控制设置的假设，这可以通过非语言注意任务的表现来捕捉。我们通过实验前熟悉和互动阶段向具有不同 L2 优势的对话者介绍了马拉雅拉姆语-英语双语者。后来，参与者完成了侧卫任务，而对话者在每次试验前都出现了。在实验中，一名参与者以相等的试验分布完成了 Flanker 任务，而在实验二中，我们通过改变试验的频率来操纵监控需求。结果表明，在两个实验中，在平衡的对话者存在的情况下，高二语水平的双语者对侧卫任务的冲突影响较低。结果提供了强有力的证据，证明双语者控制设置对不同的被动对话者的动态适应。结果进一步扩展了具有新颖操作的自适应控制假设的预测。