In studies of bilingual word recognition with masked priming, first language (L1) primes activate their second language (L2) translation equivalents in lexical decision tasks, but effects in the opposite direction are weaker (Wen & van Heuven, 2017). This study seeks to clarify the relative weight of stimulus-level (frequency) and individual-level (L2 proficiency, L2 exposure/use) factors in the emergence of asymmetrical priming effects. We offer the first data set where L2 proficiency and L1/L2 exposure/use are simultaneously investigated as continuous variables, along with word frequency. While we replicate the asymmetry in priming effects, our data provide useful insights into the factors driving L2–L1 priming. These fall almost exclusively under the category of stimulus-level factors, with L2 exposure/use being the only experiential variable to show considerable influence, although complex interactions involving L2 proficiency and word frequency are also present. We discuss the implications of these results for models of bilingual lexical processing and for the appropriate measurement of experiential factors in this type of research.

中文翻译：

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双语单词识别的个体差异：经验因素和词频在跨语言词汇启动中的作用

在使用掩码启动的双语单词识别研究中，第一语言 (L1) 启动在词汇决策任务中激活其第二语言 (L2) 翻译等价物，但相反方向的效果较弱 (Wen & van Heuven, 2017)。本研究旨在阐明刺激水平（频率）和个体水平（L2 熟练度、L2 暴露/使用）因素在不对称启动效应出现中的相对权重。我们提供了第一个数据集，其中 L2 熟练度和 L1/L2 暴露/使用同时作为连续变量以及词频进行调查。虽然我们复制了启动效应的不对称性，但我们的数据为驱动 L2-L1 启动的因素提供了有用的见解。这些几乎完全属于刺激水平因素的范畴，L2 暴露/使用是唯一显示出相当大影响的经验变量，尽管也存在涉及 L2 熟练度和词频的复杂相互作用。我们讨论了这些结果对双语词汇处理模型的影响，以及在这类研究中对经验因素的适当测量。