ABSTRACT

Objective: This study examined associations between temperament (negative affect, effortful control, and surgency) and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) within a diverse preschool sample. Interactions between temperament and parenting in the prediction of ADHD/ODD symptoms before and after an 8-week early intervention program (i.e., Summer Treatment Program for Pre-kindergartners; STP-PreK) were also examined.

Method: The sample included 215 children (M_age = 5.0, 80.9% male, 84.7% Latinx) with a diagnosis of ADHD and/or ODD who completed the STP-PreK. Temperament was measured via parent report while ADHD/ODD symptoms were assessed via combination of parent and teacher report. Positive and negative parenting were assessed via rating scales and a standardized parent-child interaction observation.

Results: Higher surgency was associated with greater symptom severity of ADHD/ODD pre- and post-treatment. Higher negative affect was associated with greater symptom severity of ODD pre- and post-treatment, while higher effortful control was only associated with lower symptom severity of inattention pre-treatment. Positive parenting predicted lower symptom severity of ADHD/ODD post-treatment. Moderation analyses indicated that the benefits of low levels of negative parenting only occurred when paired with low temperament risk for symptoms of hyperactivity and ODD. Additionally, only the combination of high surgency and high observed negative parenting resulted in greater symptom severity of ODD. Finally, decreases in inconsistent discipline predicted decreases across all symptom domains post-treatment.

Conclusions: Our findings add to the temperament-based model of ADHD/ODD by highlighting temperament’s unique prediction of treatment response as well as important interactions with the caregiving environment.

摘要

目的：本研究在不同的学前样本中检查了气质（负面情绪、努力控制和冲动）与注意力缺陷/多动障碍 (ADHD) 和对立违抗障碍 (ODD) 症状之间的关联。还检查了在 8 周早期干预计划（即学前儿童夏季治疗计划；STP-PreK）之前和之后预测 ADHD/ODD 症状的气质和养育方式之间的相互作用。

方法：样本包括 215 名完成 STP-PreK 且诊断为 ADHD 和/或 ODD 的儿童（M_年龄 = 5.0，80.9% 男性，84.7% 拉丁裔）。气质是通过家长报告来衡量的，而 ADHD/ODD 症状是通过家长和老师的报告来评估的。通过评定量表和标准化的亲子互动观察来评估积极和消极的养育方式。

结果：较高的急迫性与治疗前和治疗后 ADHD/ODD 的症状严重程度较高相关。较高的负面影响与治疗前和治疗后 ODD 的症状严重程度较高有关，而较高的努力控制仅与治疗前注意力不集中的症状严重程度较低有关。积极的养育方式预测治疗后 ADHD/ODD 的症状严重程度较低。适度分析表明，低水平的消极养育只会带来好处当与多动和 ODD 症状的低气质风险配对时发生。此外，只有高突发性和高观察到的消极养育相结合会导致 ODD 的症状更严重。最后，不一致学科的减少预示着治疗后所有症状领域的减少。

结论：我们的研究结果通过突出气质对治疗反应的独特预测以及与护理环境的重要相互作用，增加了基于气质的 ADHD/ODD 模型。